Music Magazine Stereotypes

Kerrang! magazine is a music magazine that is mainly based on rock music. It is published by Bauer Consumer Media in the United Kingdom. The magazine's name is onomatopoeic and refers to the noise made when playing a power chord on an electrical guitar. The target audience for this magazine would first and foremost be teenagers (mainly those 16+) and also those in their 20’s. Some of its viewers would be approximately in their 30’s (the same age as the people featured in the magazine).Or simply, people who admire rock and loud music as the magazine mostly centres on rock and punk music. You can tell that the target audience is mainly teenagers because the bands featured in this magazine have got principally teenage fans, and also the title itself appeals to teenagers and people in their late 20’s (the design of it is edgy which appeals to them). I have been carrying and investigation based on whether the famed magazine Kerrang conforms to genre conventions. Accor ding to my research, I personally believe that Kerrang does conform to genre conventions.The reason for my theory is pretty clear as nearly all the magazine covers for this magazine simply suggest the fact that it’s a rock magazine, starting from the name of the magazine, to the singers featured in it and finally to the layout of the magazine’s cover. Normally, most magazine, especially rock and punk magazine, try their very best in order to make their covers attractive and appealing. Magazine use well known singers or bands in order for it to be much more noticeable which will attract various kinds of audiences.Furthermore, magazines like to include special offers in their covers, as well as secondary images (apart from the main image) so that it would lure in audience. Normally, if they include secondary images, magazine attempt to put an image of a famous musician that is well liked by the audience (see figure one) so that it would attract people into buying it. Ker rang has used nearly all the conventions in order for them to symbolize the genre they’re representing.The name of the magazine suggests the fact that it’s a rock magazine due to the fact that it’s a sound made my an electrical guitars, and since most rock bands use electrical guitars rather than using an acoustic one or a piano, this verifies the fact that it’s a rock band. Moreover, Kerrang mostly feature well known rock bands such as Metallica, Paramore, Green Day and My Chemical Romance (See figure 2, 3, 4, 5,). Additionally, they normally include so many headlines, secondary pictures and special offers like other magazines such as NME to exert a pull on the audience (See figure 7).This magazine also includes a PLUS! section like NME magazines has, this is done to tempt the readers and to increase the immensity of the advertisements. Kerrang has a lot of similarities with NME regardless of the fact that they both are rock magazines. They both feature a lot of rock band such as My Chemical Romance in addition to the headlines and secondary images. This shows that they both conform to genre conventions. (See figure 4 and 8). They share other similarities such as the fact that they both try to cover up the all cover using additional headline as well as secondary images.Kerrang covers are almost all alike. All of them include a main image in addition to a special offer to increase the sales. Although, some of Kerrang’s covers don’t include secondary images or additional headlines. Some of their covers may be a bit dissimilar to the others as it could either be an exclusive edition or just some other reason. If you take a look at Figure 4 and Figure 9, you could spot the very noticeable difference which is firstly, there is only one image in Figure 9 whilst there are more than one (excluding the main image) in Figure 4.Other differences such as the fact that Figure 9 is a bit less messy than Figure 4 also stand out. Eve n though there are differences between the two, they is still a various amount of similarities between them such as the fact that the name is written in the same font and the same style, in addition to the fact that they both feature special offers as well as main images of famous rock musicians. From the front cover we can only see that their interests are conventional rock groups.Most of the front covers have a header listing some mainstream bands; the main image on most the front cover is of the lead singer of a mainstream rock group, and on the side they list other mainstream rock groups that are going to be in the magazine and also are advertising that they have posters of yet more majority rock groups. If we wanted to find out any more of their interests we would have to look inside the magazine at the table of contents. Furthermore, the font used to write the name of the magazine is filled with cracks and different, which suggests the idea that it’s rock music magazine .In addition to the colours used (black and white, orange and yellow) which are LOUD colours, which represent the magazine as a loud magazine. In conclusion, I think Kerrang magazines are very much similar to other magazine who also feature rock music. Like other magazines, Kerrang includes a main image, additional headlines, and secondary images, buzz words such as ‘FREE! ’ and also special offers. The magazine matches a lot of genre conventions because like other magazines, they try to represent heir genre through their cover and they succeed in a clever way.

Early Childhood Curriculum Essay

While being in this course I have learned about the different curriculums, philosophies and theories. In this paper I will be discussing how to develop an appropriate curriculum for preschool children. This paper will include the following topics: the theories and/or philosophies of Montessori; concepts learned throughout this course, how to apply them into an early childhood classroom focusing on the understanding components to design a curriculum for a preschool classroom based on ages 3 to 5 year old children. First let’s discuss the philosophies of both Maria Montessori and Jean Piaget. Maria Montessori ideas and beliefs are embedded throughout every early childhood program and her influence on our thinking about curriculum has been profound. She was a tireless child advocate and believed that all children deserve a proper education. Montessori insisted that through proper early education, underprivileged and cognitively impaired children could be successful if they were given a chance to learn. She was one of the first to establish a preschool for poor and mentally retarded children in Rome; these preschools were called â€Å"Casa dei Bambini†, which translated in English as â€Å"Children’s House.† Dr. Montessori proposed that children that are at risk and the notion that society had a moral responsibility to devote resources to early child intervention. Our textbook states that. â€Å"Montessori embraced and expanded Froebel’s kindergarten concept; she felt that children were natural learners and should drive much of their own learning. She asserted that children should be grouped in multiage (2  ½ to 5 years) classes to allow flexibility and opportunities for peer mentoring. Montessori developed an extensive set of â€Å"didactic† materials and lessons designed to be attr active to children and used by teachers to teach specific concepts and skills. She adapted furniture to child size as a gesture of respect for the unique needs of early learners† (Jaruszewicz, 2012). I agree with her philosophy and theory, because children do need the freedom to learn at their own pace and not to be pressured to do what they see other children do. It is also important the classroom learning environment to be attractive  so that it will draw the children to be there and learn new and exciting things. In order to use the teaching method, the teachers must be trained to work with all children and understand that no one child develops the same as another. The other philosopher that I will discuss is Jean Piaget. A contemporary of both Montessori and Dewey, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development that initiated a constructivist view of curriculum (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget conducted several experiments with young children that proved that their mental concepts are learned through trial and error experiences . Young children will continue to do things that they have been told not to do, until the consequence of their actions has been reached. For example, when a parent tells their child not to stack the building blocks up too high or they will fall on them which could lead to them being hurt; the child continues to do that the same thing over and over again to see if what their parent said is true. Once the child has seen the building blocks fall over on them is when they have learned that they don’t need to do that. His work confirmed early learning as distinct from other developmental periods, implying, therefore, that materials and activities for young children should reflect the idiosyncratic way in which they think and process stimuli (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs in four different stages, three of which occur during early childhood. In the sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers process experience and begin to coordinate movement through sensory exploration. Preoperational thinking of preschoolers emerges spontaneously, as they are internally motivated to make sense o f their environment by testing ideas and theories in play and exploration with materials (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget and Montessori are the main philosophies that stood out to me in this course the most. Next I will discuss the Core knowledge preschool sequence curriculum and the areas inside it. With strong focus on challenging, but appropriate content, the Core Knowledge Preschool Sequence and Teacher Handbook is unique among early childhood programs. It outlines a cumulative and coherent progression of knowledge and skills in all developmental areas and integrates developmentally appropriate practices for both content and instruction. Using the core knowledge curriculum helps with creating appropriate activities that prepare the preschool age children to learn. Children are  always ready to learn; as long as the teacher understands that, each child will be eager to learn in new and exciting ways. It is important for teachers to make sure that the information that they wish to teach the children in the classroom is appropriate and fun. The Core Knowledge Preschool Sequence Curriculum focuses on five different areas: Social Skills, Early Literacy skills in reading and writing, Mathematics, Science and Visual Arts. It is important for children to learn how to interact with other children their age early in their lives to develop their social skills. One of the many things I love about Montessori is that Montessori teachers see the ‘whole’ child-developmentally, academically, socially, emotionally, and physically. There is a myth out there that says simply placing children in the same room and having them do activities helps them develop social skills. I disagree. Developing social skills needs to be a value in the classroom as well as modeled by the teachers/adults who are around the children. Using manners, demonstrating what Montessori called ‘Grace and Courtesy’ and always being respectful of the child are key ingredients to helping a child develop social skills. There are several ways to help expand children’s social skills. The activity that would be used to develop social skills would be to have the children sit in a circle on the floor, pass an object around each child to take turns telling the class something about them. Whether it is there name, favorite color, parents name, how many sibling they may have, etc. When are playing together in the classroom they learn to take turns, shared things and playing with others in general helps them develop social skills. The development of language in early childhood classrooms is an umbrella for the Montessori curriculum. The teachers and parents consider activities on the shelves of the Language area as the heart of actual language learning. The techniques used in a Montessori classroom are different when it comes to teaching language and literacy. Teachers, parents, and administrators need to recognize communication as the foundation for the meaningful development of language concepts and skills. Effective communication depends on authentic relationships be tween communicative partners. Teachers have the responsibility (actually, the opportunity) to develop and expand learning relationships with young children. This is truly the ultimate opportunity to make a difference. Seen in this light, conversations with young children on  the playground, during field trips, on the way to the bathroom, in the midst of conflict resolution, during lessons, and countless other times create the context for the development of language skills. Relationships of trust are built between children and teachers and among peers. Classroom work further contributes to language concept and skill development within this context of meaningful communication. It is important to talk children especially infants constantly, so they can develop a strong sense of vocabulary. Children catch on to everything that they may hear. So it is definitely important to be cautious what language you use around children. Printed materials and images are strongly important in an early childhood classroom. These materials make the classroom attractive to children as well as make them want to learn about what those images and books mean. Phonemic awareness is part of a balanced literacy program, and can be developed in several ways during shared reading and shared writing. Shared reading and shared writing typically occur during the language arts time block, but may also occur during content-area learning. On to my favorite subject any grade level or age is mathematics. In an early childhood classroom, teaching young children mathematics somewhat easy and in some cases not so much. Getting children ages three to four year olds to learn their numbers and one to one correspondence can be a challenge, but it requires patience to teach the children the meaning of number awareness. Provide children with authentic, hands-on learning experiences-DO NOT USE WORKSHEETS. In preschool you should play to the children’s natural curiosities and look to your student’s interest to guide l esson planning. You are setting up children for a lifetime of learning and you should create excitement around what you. Also, the more hands on the activity is, the more learning styles you are engaging, and the more the child enjoys it the more they will learn and retain! Create activities that children are actively involved in learning something new, such as how to count and recognize numbers. Numbers are not the only thing that children can learn that is related to mathematics. Shapes are how to perceive and recognize them are important as well. Teaching children about shapes and how many sides each one has involves numbers as well. Mathematics and Language go together because you are using vocabulary words to decide the shapes, numbers, etc. In conclusion, this paper touched on some important factors to help develop a developmentally  appropriate curriculum for preschool/pre-K age children. It is important to provide activities for young children and make sure the environment is a positive, warm and inviting one that children will want to come to school and learn new things. In this paper I disc ussed the standards for each core knowledge area to develop an appropriate curriculum for young children. References Jaruszewicz, C. (2012). Curriculum and Methods for Early Childhood Educators. In C. Jaruszewicz, Curriculum and Methods for Early Childhood Educators. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education.

Airline Aviation Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Airline Aviation Safety - Essay Example To see an airplane fly was indeed unique to actually fly an airplane was a daring feat. The early pioneers did not take it lightly, for to do so meant flirting with death in these fragile unstable craft. Thus, the earliest aviation was restricted to relatively straight and level flight and fairly level turns. The flights were performed under visual conditions in places carefully selected for elevation, clear surroundings, and certain breeze advantages to get the craft into the air sooner and land at the slowest possible ground speed. The greatest problems with early flight were the reliability of the propulsion system and the strength and stability of the airframe. Many accidents and some fatalities occurred because of the structural failure of an airplane component or the failure of the engine to continue to produce power. Although human factors were not identified as a scientific discipline at this time, there were serious human factors problems in the early stages of flight. The protection of the pilot from the elements, as he sat out in his chair facing them head on, was merely a transfer of technology from bicycles and automobiles. The pilots wore goggles, topcoats, and gloves similar to those used when driving the automobiles of that period. Crash Of Valujet Flight 592: A Case Study Of Human Errors On the morning after the crash of ValuJet Flight 592, United States Secretary of Transportation Federico Pena appeared on television to re-affirm the safety of flying on ValuJet: "I've flown ValuJet. ValuJet is a safe airline, as is our entire aviation system" (Navarro, 1996, p. A1). Pena also added a strong endorsement for ValuJet's management team: "Whenever we have found any issues, ValuJet has been responsive, they have been cooperative, they have in some cases even exceeded the safety standards that we have" (Navarro, 1996, p. A1). Senior Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) officer David Hinson echoed Pena's sentiments about the safety of flying ValuJet. Three days later, a preliminary inquiry by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that oxygen canisters being shipped in the cargo hold ignited a fire that brought the plane down shortly after its take off (Wald, 1996a, p. A1). Vincent, Crow, and Davis (1997) contend that an airline crash provides a compelling and visually powerful news story. Vincent et al. maintain that "the events which surround air crashes are inherently dramatic, involving life and death situations, heroic actions, fatal and fateful decisions, and unforgettable visual images" (p. 354). Part of the appeal of a crash occurs because it involves ordinary people. Part of the appeal of a crash occurs because of the very randomness of the act, and the potential for a similar random act to affect millions of other air travelers. Vincent et al. perceive an airline crash to constitute a rich text with three overarching story lines: (1) "The tragic intervention of fate into everyday life" (2) "The mystery of what caused the crash" and (3) "The work of legitimate authority to restore normalcy" (p. 357). In the case of ValuJet Flight 592, these themes were altered slightly by the recurrent

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Strategic Management - Essay Example Finally, the firms also need to focus on converting their designed strategies into action, so as to leverage the maximum advantage available in the marketplace. Strategic Position It has to be the said that the strategic position of a company highlights the position of the company in regards to its existing competitors in a specific market. The strategic and competitive position of a company can be best explained by using the broad differentiation business model. Source: Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 181 It has to be said that this model categorizes companies into three groups like differentiators, broad differentiators as well as cost leaders. Talking in a detailed manner, it has to be said that the companies that belong to the differentiator category tries to gain the maximum amount of advantage from the market by trying to distinguish its product and service offerings in regards to its competitors. While talking about broad differentiators, it is of high relevance to mention the fact tha t these group of companies fall in the middle region of the model. It has to be said that the typical behaviour of these group of companies comprises of designing of business strategies that helps in better discrimination of their products as well as effective lowering of the cost structures (Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 180). These category of companies focuses on operating on a specific region since it provides the companies with a significant competitive advantage in regards to designing their strategies on the lines of effective segmentation, targeting and positioning. This particular fact also helps the company to attain a decrease in the price of its products and services. Finally, while commenting on the companies that fall in the category of cost leaders, it can be... This essay stresses that the inter relation that exists between strategic position, strategic choice and the process of converting strategy into action can be best explained by discussing US based organization Southwest Airlines. It can be said that the Dallas based carrier is highly popular in the domestic market of US because of its low-cost pricing of its passenger aviation services. Talking about the strategic position of the company, it can be said that the company has positioned itself as the most efficient low-cost carrier in the market of US. Hence, it can be said that the America based airline company has utilized the tactic of using cost leadership to gain a foothold in the market. This paper makes a conclusion that while discussing the company’s method of implementing the low-cost strategy into action, attention has to be given to the nature of allocation and management of the essential resources of the company. In order to extract optimum utilization of the company ’s high-value assets, the company revised the frequency of flights to various routes on the basis of the consumer demand. Also, the company’s decision to cater to secondary airports resulted in reducing the ground time for the airlines, thereby boosting up both productivity as well as profitability (Hill and Jones, 2009, p. 105).

Community Health Project Part 3-4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Health Project Part 3-4 - Assignment Example lity of 1 percent, by 2030 there could be dependent upon 26.8 million new instances of growth and 17.1 million malignancy deaths consistently, and in addition 80 million individuals living with cancer within 5 years of analysis. In 2007, there were in excess of 12 million new cancer cases, 7.6 million cancer deaths, and in excess of 24 million disease survivors globally. The most well-known cancer diagnosed universally were lung cancer (1.5 million), breast disease (1.3 million), and colorectal cancer (1.2 million). Lung cancer caused roughly (1.45 million deaths) positioned first in the mortality scale, emulated by stomach disease (800,000 deaths), and prostate cancer (680,000 deaths) (Resnick & Thompson, 2000). Among men, the most well-known reasons for disease mortality are lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, throat and prostate; among ladies they are bosom, lung, stomach, colorectal and cervical. This study compels the authorities to look for ways through which they address the problem amicably. As indicated above, rate, prevalence, and survival rates for particular growths uncover much about wellbeing value inside and between nations. This is less clear for poor-prognosis of cancer, for example, pancreatic disease, where generally little is thought about their reasons and the death rates for those diagnosed methodologies 100 percent around the world. Those tumors that are very defenseless to preventive measures, screening, and treatment recount an alternate story. Effortlessly treatable if women experience standard Pap screening cervical cancer is a reasonable situation where optional aversion and treatment can lessen a huge number of deaths of moderately young people around the world. Also, new information on the basic part of the HPV as an immediate reason for cervical growth has prompted improvement of viable immunizations against this disease, which has opened the likelihood of controlling and possibly dispensing with this malady – in any event in ranges

Mary Parker Follett Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mary Parker Follett - Essay Example She was also heavily involved in social work where she got in touch with people from different classes and ethnicities which allowed her to come to the conclusion that diversity is an important requirement for all walks of life (Smith, 2002). She said that â€Å"Instead of shutting out what is different, we should welcome it because it is different and through its difference will make a richer content of life (Follett, 1918, Pg. 40)†. She said this long before other business consultants considered diversity in an organization to be an important competitive advantage. However, her contributions towards systems of management and towards the governance of organizations are what she is most remembered for. She outlined her ideas in a paper she wrote under the title The Psychological Foundations of Business Administration which was presented in 1925. In it, she suggested that organizations functioned in ways which were similar to societies and were indeed social networks where indi viduals could work towards the benefit of all those who were in the network. Similarly, it becomes the responsibility of the organization to help the growth of the individual thus leading to a cycle of fulfillment for both parties (Smith, 2002). While management gurus today extol the values of an organization, as early as 1941, Follett had connected the values of an individual and the values of an organization as the main function of group work when she said that working in a company showed, â€Å"the willingness to search for the real values involved on both sides and the ability to bring about an interpenetration of these values (Follett, 1941, Pg. 181)†. As suggested by Boje and Rosile (2001), the scientific management process developed by earlier management gurus was given a social context by Follett where the employees became active participants in the growth and development of the company.

Factors that effect achievement on BTEC level 3 extended diploma in Literature review

Factors that effect achievement on BTEC level 3 extended diploma in sport courses - Literature review Example This is because college graduates will, on average, make a million or more – throughout their working lives – above their non-graduate counterparts that went to the high school level. The bad news in the way of student achievement, which affects the success of BTEC level 3 courses, include that enrolment and persistence levels among learners from low-earning communities remains lower. The groups affected include those from different backgrounds, including native and non-natives. The case is more severe for those suffering from disabilities. The other issue is that the preparation offered at high school is not sufficient, and in pace with the interests of those attending college, therefore, this affects their performance levels at the BTEC level 3 course. This report will explore the wide array of critical issues that affect student achievement at the BTEC level 3 sports course. Factors that lead to low college achievement The situation of being disadvantaged is believed to be the leading cause of low college achievement (Sylva et al., 2004). Such disadvantage is mostly associated with poverty, which makes it difficult for the students to access basic resources such as proper housing, diet and health. In connection with this is unfavourable home learning environment, including the inability of parents in supporting their children in achieving their educational goals (Sylva et al., 2004). The home learning environment is connected to other factors such as parental educational levels, social class as well as what parental involvement in children’s affairs. Educational performance is also associated with cognitive factors, where children of professional parents are found be affected by cognitive deficit than their counterparts from non-professional backgrounds (Feinstein, 2003; Melhuish et al., 2001). Also, children from poor socio-economic status have problems in developing good language skills, which affect their comprehension and learning as well as numeracy and acquisition when they join BETC level 3. Children from poor backgrounds also tend to interact less with their parents, hence they end up receiving little or no parental support, a situation that also hinder their educational achievements when attending their BETEC level 3 (Clegg and Ginsborg, 2006). Gender Low achievement in education has put many students at a disadvantaged position. However, it is important to note that different groups in the population react in a different way depending on their circumstances. OECD studies have shown that, in England, girls outperform boys (Sylva et al., 2004). Elsewhere, Machin and McNally (2005) argue that gender gap has really affected education in the UK, even though the general achievement for both gender has improved. The gender aspect reveals that low academic achievement as a result of low being disadvantaged is very inconsistent, for example because girls from the same family are known to perform differently (Sincl air, 2007). A study published by UNICEF concerning children welfare in rich countries reported the UK at the last ranking out of 21 countries, hence attracting a lot of attention. Some of the factors that led to the poor ranking including the adolescent behaviour which in turn is attributable to background factors such as poor parenting. Margo and Dixon (2006) notes that an inconsistent number of those

Discuss the advantages of analysing organizations as incentive Essay - 1

Discuss the advantages of analysing organizations as incentive mechanisms - Essay Example In other words, it has been made clear that organizations can operate as incentive mechanisms for achieving the goals set by their strategic planners. Such perspective of modern organizations would be particularly important in order to understand the changes in organizational needs through the years and to identify an effective framework of action – meaning a plan for updating existing organizational policies – that would be best suit to the organizational aims; flexibility would be one of the key characteristics of such plan indicating the ability of the plan to be alternated in order to allow the development of the organization involved as an incentive mechanism. The terms and the characteristics of organizations as incentive mechanisms are presented in this paper focusing on the advantages of such perspective for both the organization, as an independent entity, and the organization’s stakeholders. 2. ... In accordance with Herbert Simon (1991) the organizational behaviour should be primarily based on the organizational loyalty (in Knack 2003, p.237); using the above view, the following assumption can be produced: organizations cannot act as incentive mechanisms if loyalty across their units is not strong. Another requirement of the development of organizations as incentive mechanisms has been introduced through the study of Ledgerwood et al. (2006). In the above study it is explained that organizations can operate as incentive mechanisms only under the terms that the communication in the internal organizational environment is at high levels. It is further explained that such organizations can be easily transformed as of their structure, goals and operational activities, without being negatively affected as of their performance. The transformation of an organization from a NGO to a Micro Finance Institution is used as an example of the above phenomenon (Ledgerwood et al. 2006, 292). A t the next level it is made clear that even when all measures have been taken regarding the quality of communication and cooperation within the organization, still it is possible that the organization fails to respond to its role as an incentive mechanism. In accordance with Ledgerwood et al. (2006, 292) one of the key reasons for this failure would be the inability of managers to identify the context of the organization’s incentives as being differentiated from the incentives of its employees. The incentives provided by the organization – acting as an incentive mechanism – are usually different from the incentives setting by individuals (employees) who are more likely to

Does Successful Internal Communication at the Time of Change Result in Coursework

Does Successful Internal Communication at the Time of Change Result in a Motivated Workforce - Coursework Example Information Technology provides several options for this. E-mails, intranets and other innovations help in meeting the high demand of communication during such time of alteration within the organization (Wojtecki and Peters, 2000). Face to face communication also might help a lot to sort out the differences. There have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organization's goals to his team members. He does not discuss the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment.  Most of the studies so far have taken the formal side into consideration. In Contemporary issues in management and organizational beha vior (Peter, Poole and Jones, 2005), the whole cycle of Team-leadership has been portrayed in analyzing group decision- making and learning. Later, a global perspective has been given. According to Robert E. Hoskisson, â€Å"Organisational Structure specifies the firm’s formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision-making processes.† (Hoskisson, 2008, p.100) This accrues to the basic framework of assigning roles, allocation of resources and provides a basis for cooperation, coordination, and communication among the organizational hierarchy. (Hoskisson, 2008). Harris and Hartman discuss the problems of Grapevine. According to them, it is not a dependable source and cannot provide full information and may be distorted. (Harris & Hartman, 2002).  

The East African Slave Trade Routes Essay Example for Free

The East African Slave Trade Routes Essay Slavery is a systematic exploitation of labor in human. It involved trading of human or capturing of human as a source of free or cheap labor aimed at working in military, in plantations, mines and as domestic servants. Slave trade was mainly in Africa. Africans were traded to other continents to work in large scale enterprises, mines, in the fleets and in the drainage of marshes. Slaves were treated like non humans and were seen as property. Therefore they didn’t enjoy equal rights like their masters. In East Africa, slave trade was dominated by Arab and Africa traders. It was mainly in the coastal cities of East Africa such as Mombasa, Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam. Captured or purchased African men were taken to the Middle East where they were enslaved. They faced brutal treatment along the way and in their place of work. They were overworked, abused sexually and insulted physically. They were exported annually into Mecca and Medina via the Indian Ocean giving the trade the name Indian Ocean Slave Trade. The Portuguese were also involved . Generally, it took the slaves a long time before reaching to their destination which was mainly the Arab countries, India and Middle East. The ships were too slow and overloaded thus could not move fast enough. The journey was thousand of miles between the coast of East Africa and Southern Arabia the Persian Gulf. They were traded along with gold, ivory, perfumes and exotic woods. African tribes’ men and women along the coastal line were brutally captured in their habitats. The prisoners of war were not lucky too as they were sold off by there own chiefs in exchange for money. Pawning was common in this trade and the slaves were used as such. It was traumatizing for the slaves moment as it usually involved physical abuse. They were beaten especially if they resisted capture. Their families could mourn as they knew that their captured members would never return. This separation by itself was traumatizing. The selection was inhuman. They were undressed publicly to check for any disability in front of there wives and children. The healthy and strong ones were picked living back the weak, sick and the old. They were chained and were forced to carry heavy merchandise such as the tusks of elephants on there way to the cells and dungeons where they awaited their sale. The cells were overcrowded. Men, women and children were kept in tiny cells with small windows. Some did not survive this far and died of suffocation and body weakness. There were no toilets and the place was filthy. They were whipped in front of their buyers as a show to how strong they were so that they could cost higher . For the purchased, immediately after they were bought they became the property of their masters. They were transported in overcrowded ship. They were chained together and packed into the cargo hold below dock. They were denied the freedom to move and were only allowed up on the dock sometimes in good weathers. The women and children enjoyed limited movement freedom. The food they ate was rotten if not bad and the water was foul. There were typically two meals a day. Their diet depended on what was the cheapest in the market at the particular time. The ship crews sometimes whipped the slaves for no reason at all. They were generally brutal. Sexual abuse was common especially among the female and child slaves. Severe punishment like death was common especially if there was disobedience. Their bodies would be thrown into the sea and sometimes they were thrown alive and left to die. All this time of sexual and physical abuse, starvation and sickness, some slave became traumatized and committed suicide by leaping overboard while others fell in state of shock. As a result of overcrowding, the condition in the ship was filth and diseases were common. They were the major cause of death. There were literally no toilets and the only available wooden buckets were meant to serve all the slaves on board. Dangerous diseases like small pox, dysentery, measles, malaria and scurvy plagued these ships. They affected even the ship crews. There were no drugs and much of the infected slaves were thrown into the sea to avoid transmission to the healthy. In cases of interception by war ships in search of illegal slave smugglers, the captain would throw the slaves in the ocean aimed at destroying the evidence. This was to avoid being poisoned or hanged if found guilty . After they reached to their destination, they were marketed where they now were possessed by new masters. They were assigned responsibilities but brutality still continued. The women worked as domestic servants and junior house wives while the men worked in the fields. The whip was the major impetus to work in the fields. It was the major fuel to make them work more. They were allowed little time to rest. They were merely viewed as a unit of production in the fields and mines rather than contributors. It was characterized by strong racism which dominated even there share in the society. African slaves were viewed as less human and were treated like property. Killing with impunity was common especially in cases of disobedience and sickness. They were given less attention on their humanitarian’s rights. The master or the slave owner had the powers to discipline to the point of death of all the members of the households. These included the children, kinsmen, housewives. Most of them were castrated to avoid reproduction. They were never taken back to their mother land. Therefore, as time went by they died and reduced in numbers. They had no right to own property whatsoever. Though some became leaders of the larger groups in the field, they were denied rights and would never be equal to their owners . In general, the slave trade was characterized by inhuman and brutal treatment of the slaves. The purchasing, transportation and deportation had very minimal humanitarian standards. Many continued to suffer the loss of their loved one who would never return back and who died on the hand of other human beings. Afterwards, there was abolishment of this trade though much of the African salves didn’t survive. The lucky ones went to extinction as reproduction was not possible as many males had been castrated. This trade was succeeded by legitimate trade which involved export of raw materials rather than labor. In recent years, slavery has been a world crisis with some evolutions like the American evolution putting strict measures on it but even in the modern world there still remains some traces of slave trade especially for the women and children. References Clarence-Smith, G. W. (1989) Slavery and abolition.The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century: Routledge, Patterson, O. (1982) a Comparative Study Slavery and Social Death: Harvard University Press. Watkins, R. R. (2001) Slavery: Bondage throughout History. HMCo Childrens Books, Collins, R. O and Burns, M. J. (2007)A History of Sub-Saharan Africa: Cambridge University Press. Total travel (2007) helping my friends teach my children about the word. Retrieved from http://www. tototravels. com/2006/10/chapter_20_zanz. html on Wednesday, October 08, 2008

Punishment And Rehabilitation In The Community Criminology Essay

Punishment And Rehabilitation In The Community Criminology Essay Critically evaluate the use of the prison as a sentence of the court in England and Wales over the last 20 years. The 1990s witnessed a sharp rise in the politicization and in the severity of sentencing policy (Maguire et al, 2007). Since the 1990s legislation has been heavily criticised, this saw the abandonment of key pillars, yet the rise of others. Therefore, The Criminal Justice Act as somewhat revolutionised bringing forward newer legislation over the years that have impacted on the way sentences are used. The change in government from Conservative to New Labour also saw a bewildered mixture of new polices, which have contributed and influenced the use of the prison. Since the post war years the prison population began to expand, which led to a sense of crisis for the government from two perspectives. The first was in terms of social control. The significant and rapidly rising prison population had the potential to be perceived as a breakdown in social order. The other area of concern was due to the expanding prison population and the increase in expenditure. At the time the government were trying to reduce expenditure and instigate new community sentences to limit the number of offenders who actually went to prison. Consequently, there have been many theorists who have attempted to structure the criminal justice system. There have also been new ideologies for how the prison should be used as a sentence. By analysing the use of the prison it will help to define contemporary prisons in western societies, not least since there is considerable consensus that the penal system in England and Wales has been in a state of ever deepening crisis since the 1960s (Maguire et al, 2007). Statistics show a major increase in the prison population. In 1989 the prison population was 48,600 throughout the year and in 2008 the prison population increased to 83,190. Crime measured by the British Crime Survey (BCS) fell from 18.5 million offences in 1993 to 11.7 million by 2003/04. BCS crime fell by around a third in England and Wales at the same time as the prison population increased by two-thirds (Home Office 2008). These statistics suggest that the use of the prison has been very effective by how recorded crime rates have fell over the years and that the number of offenders going to prison as increased. However, it strikes controversy due to the increase in prison populations. In 1997, Labour had created 16,000 more prison places when the Government were trying to reduce expenditure in that area. The lead up to the 1991 Criminal Justice Act witnessed a shift in penal policy. The ongoing concerns of ever growing prison numbers accompanied a widespread disenchantment with the rehabilitative ideal and concerns were raised about the matching of sentences to offenders rather than the crime (Brownlee 1998). The conservative government had issued major changes to the sentencing framework influenced by retributivist theory and the concept of just deserts where offenders were punished in proportion to the crimes they had committed. Also the 1990 white paper, Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public introduced new legislation in the criminal justice system. Now, Community sentences could be used as alternatives rather than the use of imprisonment. Home Office (1990) also claimed a more consistent approach to sentencing so that criminals get there just deserts. The central aims of sentencing were just desserts and proportional sentences; however, deterrence was demoted as a sentence. This criticism was made of the 1991 Act and 1993 Act as there was an unworkable hybrid sentencing framework. The Criminal Justice Act 1991 was clear that the main sentencing decision was to calculate offence seriousness and a proportionate (commensurate) sentence. Prison therefore, was used to keep people in custody by the seriousness of the offence (Easton et al, 2005). Consequently, the use of the prison had changed by acknowledging the seriousness of the offence, whereas before anybody who committed a crime would just go to prison. Thus, somebody convicted with murder would go to prison, whereas somebody who was vandalising would more likely pay a fine or have a community sentence depending on the circumstances. This significant piece of legislation appeared to pave the way for community sentences, and indeed the Probation Service to play a central role in criminal justice policy. Courts were now guided by seriousness thresholds, which required them to justify why a sentence was either serious enough for a community penalty, or so serious that only a custodial sentence could be warranted (Cavadino Dignan 2002). By 1993 however the incoming Home Secretary made it clear that he was an advocate of custodial measures for offenders in his statement Prison Works. The 1993 Criminal Justice Act rescinded on some of the positive aspects of the earlier 1991 Act, and marked a resurrection of law and order rhetoric in determining criminal justice policy. By 1995 in the Green Paper Strengthening Punishment in the Community, despite the considerable changes brought about to community sentences by the 1991 Criminal Justice Act, the claim was made that probation supervision was still regarded as a soft option. The subsequent White Paper Protecting the Public clearly emphasised the need for community sentences to have a punitive rather than rehabilitative focus, and called upon these sentences to be physically, mentally or emotionally challenging with a stress on personal responsibility and discipline. The rapid increase in the prison population and the numbers sent to prison represented a radical break with the virtual stability of previous decades. Even so, two considerations should be borne in mind before attributing the total responsibility for the increase in prison population solely to Michael Howard. First there is some evidence that public opinion took a more punitive turn in the 1990s, which might explain why the anticipated public outcry against Howards policies was so muted, and why the mass media were largely supportive of these policies (Hough, 1996). Ryan (2002) also argued that a series of moral panics was manipulated by politicians to win the support of voters for a tougher law and order platform. Populist Punitiveness had a major effect on legislation because it became central to the concerns of the general public and there responses to crime. A synopsis of the 1991 and 1993 Criminal Justice Act highlight the use of the prison by how serious the crime is. The prison is used to confiscate liberty and by 1993 and the use of community sentences made it more definable by the level of crime committed by using seriousness thresholds. However, by 1995 they recognised that the probation service was to soft and needed amendments. The use of the prison was now seen as a last resort or for very serious offences. In addition, public opinion had a major influence on crime, which is argued one of the reasons why the prison population is said to be so high due to the publics view and fear of crime. In May 1997, the Conservative Party was ejected from power as Labour; Led by Tony Blair enjoyed a landslide victory. Tony Blair, thought to alter Labour to New Labour, and one of the ways he did this was through public image by becoming tough on crime (Mathews 1999). Labour introduced a various amount of legislation, which led to the circulation of community penalties. This was evident in the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, which created the Drug Treatment Testing Order, and the 2000 Criminal Justice and Court Services Act. This brought about the Probation Order, Community Service Order and the Combination Order. Two further sentences were also created that are the Exclusion Order and the Drug Abstinence Order. However, the Drug Abstinence Order was later abandoned as it was proved unworkable; this could be due to Populist Punitivism. The conservative government have a right wing approach, whereas New Labour comes from the left. This however, had little effect for the use of the prison as labour emphasised on the conservative approach to crime and made it stronger. Although there was new legislation that gave the court more power and options over the offender, prison numbers continued to rise. This was also apparent when David Blunkett became Home Secretary as the prison population started to rapidly grow months after (Guardian 2001). In 2001, the prison crisis of over crowding, and the fiscal problems were highlighted again, which resulted in new legislation from results drawn from the Halliday Report. The review was born out of a belief that the present sentencing framework suffers from serious deficiencies that reduce its contributions to crime reduction and public confidence (Halliday 2001). The report highlighted key limitations and suggested new approaches to strengthen the criminal justice system. One of the highlighted problems was the short prison sentences of less than 12 months and that they had no effect on the offender. It was also noted that persistent offenders do not appear to receive significantly longer prison sentences. Halliday (2001) shows that in a sample of male offenders aged over 18 and sentenced in1998, the average sentence for burglary for an offender with 10 or more previous convictions was only 4 months more than somebody with no convictions. The Halliday Report led to the White Paper in 2002, Justice For All, which sets out the Governments far reaching proposals for the reform of the criminal justice system and resulted in the 2003 Criminal Justice Act. The Halliday Report noted that just deserts and the punishment fitting the crime are key features of the statutory framework set up in 1991 and that there is nothing wrong with this in itself. However the report now focuses on three tiers of seriousness established by the Act: fines, community punishment and custody (Easton, 2005). This created a new framework and therefore saw the collapse of just deserts. Instead of focusing on just how serious the crime was for punishment, the court now had power to punish the offender in many of different ways depending on the offence. From the 2001 Halliday Report and the 2002 White Paper the new findings created a new framework to sentences. The Act clearly sets out the purposes of sentencing, which include retributive, deterrence and reductive, reform rehabilitation, public protection, and reparation, (Criminal Justice Act 2003). The Halliday Report also influenced the new legislation in 2003 by identifying a gap in the sentencing framework. The Act replaced all the adult community sentences with a generic community sentence. This allowed the courts to attach requirements to this community sentence from a number of options; supervision, unpaid work, activities, prohibited activities, accredited programmes, curfew, exclusion, residence, mental health treatment, drug rehabilitation, alcohol treatment, attendance centre (for under 25 yr olds) (Criminal Justice Act 2003). The Criminal Justice Act 2003 also introduced a number of other measures such as Conditional Cautions, Strengthened deferment of sentence to include an element of probation supervision, Custody Plus, Intermittent Custody, new Suspended Sentence Order; however, these measures show unclear boundaries between community and custodial penalties. Thus, the argument against this is whether the courts will favour a custody followed by a rehabilitative sentence and that they will become more popular, which will help reduce overcrowding. Faulkner (2002) prior to the 2003 Criminal Justice Act urged caution in seeing the introduction of a new sentencing framework as the answer to addressing crime. He states that: If the new sentences are to contribute to reduced rates of crime or re-offending, they will at the very least have to be applied in the context of a prison system which is no longer distracted by overcrowding, of a well-resourced and innovative National Probation Service. This may sugge st that there is a covert meaning under the new framework for the use of imprisonment. By utilising community sentences it is thought that this will free prison space, which will stop over crowding and make punishment worth while. However, statistics show far greater use is being made of the prison and probation service because in 1996, 85,000 offenders were given a custodial sentence and 133,000 were given a community sentence. By 2001, both had increased by 25 per cent, with 107,000 offenders given a custodial sentence and 166,000 offenders receiving a community sentence (reference). The use of the prison as changed significantly over the years, with a major influence from the change in government and the change in the sentencing framework. Originally, the prison was used for any type of crime but due to over crowding the government came to recognise that the prison should be used for the more serious offences and introduced the community service for petty crimes. Community service was perceived to free up prison space and the fiscal crisis, however the prison population kept expanding over the years. This could be due to the numbers of offenders caught and sentenced as police powers had expanded or the increase in the overall seriousness of the crimes brought to justice or the increase in the sentence severity for specific offences. New legislation allowed the courts to have an option, however, this soon expanded focusing more on community services using the prison as the last resort. Nobody wants to go to prison; therefore by issuing a community service it is g iving them a strong warning using the prison as the most feared punishment. Individuals who then break the community service punishment will then be sent to prison. A new Act came Criminal justice and immigration act 2008 brought forward the release date of prisoners serving sentences greater than 4 years imposed before 4 April 2005. It did not apply to prisoners serving life sentences or serving sentences for violent or sexual offences. This section came into force on 9 June 2008. This was in order to alleviate prison overcrowding. prisons are for suspects refused bail and detained before trial, or convicted but not yet sentenced, are held in custody to ensure that the course of justice proceeds to its conclusion and that everyone concerned is protected against the likelihood of harm in the interim. The system needs to ensure that the increased investment in prison and probation is targeted effectively to reduce crime and maintain public confidence. The use of prison and probation has increased by over a quarter since 1996, even though the number of people arrested and sentenced has remained broadly constant. The growth is due to the increased severity of sentences, which is linked to the fall in the use of fines. terrorists #3 strikes mandatory life sentence 2003

Thomas Edison :: essays research papers

Edison, Thomas Alva, American inventor, whose development of a practical electric light bulb, electric generating system, sound-recording device, and motion picture projector had profound effects on the shaping of modern society. Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, on February 11, 1847. He attended school for only three months, in Port Huron, Michigan. When he was 12 years old he began selling newspapers on the Grand Trunk Railway, devoting his spare time mainly to experimentation with printing presses and with electrical and mechanical apparatus. The train left Port Huron about 7:00 in the morning and returned at 9:00 or 9:30 at night. The trip included a six-hour layover in Detroit, during which time he claims to have read "the entire public library." He was an omnivorous reader and loved to experiment with chemicals and machinery. He constantly wanted to investigate how things worked and liked to see if he could make things better. On the train he was allowed a table in an empty baggage car on which to work. He even brought a broken printing press, repaired it and taught himself to print. He may have produced the first newspaper printed on a moving train. Edison began noticing a loss of hearing around this time, which increased throughout his life. In 1862 he published a weekly, known as the Grand Trunk Herald, printing it in a freight car that also served as his laboratory. For saving the life of a station official's child, he was rewarded by being taught telegraphy. While working as a telegraph operator, he made his first important invention, a telegraphic repeating instrument that enabled messages to be transmitted automatically over a second line without the presence of an operator. Edison next secured employment in Boston and devoted all his spare time there to research. He invented a vote recorder that, although possessing many merits, was not sufficiently practical to warrant its adoption. He also devised and partly completed a stock-quotation printer. Later, while employed by the Gold and Stock Telegraph Company of New York City he greatly improved their apparatus and service. By the sale of telegraphic appliances, Edison earned $40,000, and with this money he established his own laboratory in 1876. Afterward he devised an automatic telegraph system that made possible a greater speed and range of transmission. Edison's crowning achievement in telegraphy was his invention of machines that made possible simultaneous transmission of several messages on one line and thus greatly increased the usefulness of existing telegraph lines.

How the Lack of Education During the Great Depression Affected Southern Society :: essays research papers fc

During the Great Depression receiving an education was becoming more and more difficult for southerners. From not being able to afford the required supplies needed, to not being able to pay the tutions, many people found it nearly impossible to attend school. The novel, To Kill A Mockingbird written by Harper Lee shows how the lack of education in society during the Great Depression affected Southerners lives, not allowing them to change their futures for the better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The public school system changed drastically during the Great Depression. Society started to notice the changes during the years of 1930 and 1931, when conditions were at their worst. Many students did not have the right clothing, supplies, and textbooks because parents could not afford the costs. The price of school supplies ran from $1.00 for a pen to $3.85 for a pair of shoes (Editors of Time-Life 29). In To Kill A Mockingbird, Scout’s teacher, Miss Caroline, asked one of her students where his lunch was. He then explained that he did not have a lunch because his parents could not afford it. â€Å"He didn’t forget his lunch, he didn’t have any. He had none today nor would he have any tomorrow or the next day. He had probably never seen three quarters together at the same time in his life† (Lee 20).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition, student’s schoolwork and progress began to decline due to undernourishment. Many children were not able to stay in school because there was not enough money to keep the schools open. A third of a million children were out of school during the Great Depression (Farrell 14). Also, children of poor families dropped out of school because they felt obligated to help support their family financially. In To Kill A Mockingbird Scout describes the Ewell family, who only attends school the first day of every year because their family is poor: They come the first day every year and then leave. The truant lady gets’em here ‘cause she threatens ‘em with the sheriff, but she’s give up tryin’ to hold ‘em. She reckons she’s carried out the law just getting’ their names on the roll and runnin’ ‘em here the first day. You’re supposed to mark ‘em absent the rest of the year (Lee 27). In cases like these, the purpose for leaving school was to help out the family with chores like tending to the farm and crops.

Martin Luther King and Love :: essays research papers

It is rather difficult to speak of love in an original sense today. If someone were to ask an individual to define love, a common response would be, â€Å"love cannot be explained, it cannot be defined†. This answer would be acceptable if love was equally felt for and between all people. But anyone would have to agree to the fact that there are different degrees and levels of love. Someone would not love his or her family members the same way they would his or her spouse. Love varies between different levels of action and feeling, and a definition of each level must be discovered in order to understand its varying power. Martin Luther King Jr. felt the need to address this particular issue when discussing the principles behind the non-violent student movement for civil rights. King felt that a working idea of love was the keystone to the philosophy of a non-violent protest. Turning to the Greek language and idea of love, King was able to define three particular levels, eros, philia, and agape. His goal was to take one of these three levels and use it as the definitive quality of the non-violent movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The non-violent philosophy was not a movement of pacifism to Martin Luther King, it was one of action. Absolute strength was apparent in its practice, but how? The student movement caused many of its’ participants to be severely beaten, chastised, and arrested, only to continue while never fighting back. Why were they doing this? King felt the answer was that through their actions they would awaken not only the majority, but more importantly the minority to the need for equal rights. Apathy had set in among both groups causing them to accept the current state of affairs, and like the great â€Å"gadfly† Socrates, King and the students were forcing both groups to wake up and open their eyes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, to get back on track, it is important to look at the three separate levels of love, and it would make sense to first look at eros. Eros is a romantic love, the kind of love one would have towards a beautiful object, or person. It is that sexual drive that is most apparent at the early stages of a relationship. This could be considered to be the first definition people would think of when questioned about the meaning of love. In fact in a more layman attempt at understanding eros one can think of the feeling one has during a crush, where a person’s affections are aimed at a single individual. Martin Luther King and Love :: essays research papers It is rather difficult to speak of love in an original sense today. If someone were to ask an individual to define love, a common response would be, â€Å"love cannot be explained, it cannot be defined†. This answer would be acceptable if love was equally felt for and between all people. But anyone would have to agree to the fact that there are different degrees and levels of love. Someone would not love his or her family members the same way they would his or her spouse. Love varies between different levels of action and feeling, and a definition of each level must be discovered in order to understand its varying power. Martin Luther King Jr. felt the need to address this particular issue when discussing the principles behind the non-violent student movement for civil rights. King felt that a working idea of love was the keystone to the philosophy of a non-violent protest. Turning to the Greek language and idea of love, King was able to define three particular levels, eros, philia, and agape. His goal was to take one of these three levels and use it as the definitive quality of the non-violent movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The non-violent philosophy was not a movement of pacifism to Martin Luther King, it was one of action. Absolute strength was apparent in its practice, but how? The student movement caused many of its’ participants to be severely beaten, chastised, and arrested, only to continue while never fighting back. Why were they doing this? King felt the answer was that through their actions they would awaken not only the majority, but more importantly the minority to the need for equal rights. Apathy had set in among both groups causing them to accept the current state of affairs, and like the great â€Å"gadfly† Socrates, King and the students were forcing both groups to wake up and open their eyes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, to get back on track, it is important to look at the three separate levels of love, and it would make sense to first look at eros. Eros is a romantic love, the kind of love one would have towards a beautiful object, or person. It is that sexual drive that is most apparent at the early stages of a relationship. This could be considered to be the first definition people would think of when questioned about the meaning of love. In fact in a more layman attempt at understanding eros one can think of the feeling one has during a crush, where a person’s affections are aimed at a single individual.

The Wall of Friendship

â€Å"Mending Wall† by Robert Frost is a poem that talks about the relationship of two farmer neighbors as they maintained a wall between their respective areas. The persona is narrating how the wall that they have maintained has been destroyed by time, not to mention the sun and the hunters. He is also calling the attention of the neighbor for their mending time which they do every spring time. The other farmer in the poem believes that the wall serves him and his neighbor good. Good fences make good neighbors† according to him suggests that the wall symbolizes nothing else but â€Å"something† that does only serve as a barrier but also as a common wall for them to celebrate friendship and companionship. The symbolism of the wall as mentioned in the earlier paragraph is that of barrier and common wall. These two comprise factors in every person’s relationships with each other, in the poem; it is the relationship and friendship of two neighbor farmers. In e very relationship that people have, a wall is needed to as to make it harmonious. As the other farmer has said, â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors. † It is only through maintaining the wall, repairing it in case of ruin, and putting it in the right place that make relationships between people work out smoothly. In the assertion that the wall serves as a barrier in the maintenance of relationships between and among people, the persona has said that â€Å"Before I built a wall I’d ask to know/ What I was walling in or walling out,/ And to whom I was like to give offense. This line suggests that in maintaining friendship or any other relationship with people around you; you have to set boundaries and limitations. For instance, if you are neighbors, then you should recognize that the wall separates your respective houses, front yards, and backyards. In this case, each one of you needed to respect each other space as the narrator has said â€Å"He is all pine and I am apple orchard. / My apple trees will never get across/ And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him. † Finally, in the last assertion that the wall serves as a â€Å"common wall† in the maintenance of friendship, the wall refers to the common and shared experiences that the neighbors have while mending the wall. These shared and common experiences make them cultivate their relationships even more. The same thing as in any other relationship, time with each other is really necessary. The neighbors’ shared experiences make them respect each other’s part of the wall. Moreover, it made them good neighbors. â€Å"and set the wall between us as we go. To each the boulders that have fallen to each. / and some are loaves and some so nearly balls/ We have to use a spell to make them balance:/ Stay where you are until our backs are turned! / We wear our fingers rough with handling them. / Oh, just another kind of out-door game. † As a conclusion, the wall symbolizes the nice and good factors in the maintenance of every relationship every person has. The wall suggests that the important things in every relationship are barrier and commonalities as observed by the two neighbors in the poem.

Spreading Awareness about STD among Youth

Lack of Knowledge about STDS among youth Becoming sexually active at a young age tends to increase a person's number of overall partners and as a result, her or his risk of STDS. Biologically, young girls are more susceptible to infection. Although the system cannot control teens or preteen's actions, but they can help them understand the risks of sexual activity and that's 0K to wait to have sex.A research done by Katherine Harmon on Jan 2013 shows 321,000 cases of gonorrhea only are reported each year in the U. S. Another research shows approximately 60 percent of new HIV infections in united states occurs among oung people under age 25 and most of these infections are transmitted sexually. By all the efforts and new programs that government is trying to put into educational system, when we see these reports and numbers we all agree in one matter: these are not enough.And I believe if government instead of mostly concentrating on medical treatments pays more attention to youth heal th education and STDS prevention training classes, life of hundreds of people can be saved every day. The reason I chose this topic is because I'm originally Middle Eastern or in another world from a third world country. Four years ago, when I was living in my country, there was not much attention to STDS among the people and there was never any program in our society or schools to educate families and youth about STDS.Since I was always curios, I was doing research from different sources about them to be able to improve my personal knowledge about them and hopefully be able to help some people. When I came to United States, I was expecting the majority of people are well educated about these kinds of matters but unfortunately when I read different researches about increasing number of STDS infections among the youth, it Just hange my whole expectation from educational system of one of the most advanced countries.By all that being said, I hope to see a day that nobody in any country would be infected of STDS due to lack of information and knowledge. Resources: nature. com (the name of article is â€Å"common STD grows resistant to treatment in North America. Mayoclinic. com (the name of article is â€Å"sexually transmitted diseases. Hawaii. edu (effective HIV/STD and teen pregnancy prevention programs for young women of color ) Spreading Awareness about STD among Youth By arashghahremani

Cyrano/Roxanne Comparison Essay

Cyrano writes letters to Roxanne telling her how much he loves her, pretending to be Christian. He loves Roxanne, but feels that he is ugly and could never get her to love him back because of his huge nose. The book and movie have the same main characters playing the same roles. Cyrano is charming, poetic, and witty with a huge nose in both the book and the movie. Women love Cyrano as a friend but nothing more. In the book, Cyrano is a famous sword fighter who fights people. In the movie, Cyrano is the fire chief who fights fire. Cyrano is Roxanne’s distant cousin in the book, but in the movie, they meet when they are adults and are friends. Christian works for Cyrano in both the movie and book. In the play it discusses about the strengths and weaknesses of Cyrano, it is explained that Cyrano and C. D. both have love for Roxanne and that they are both skilled characters, the weaknesses are that Cyrano doesn’t really tell roxane in the play that he is in love with her but in the movie Bales does tell Roxanne how he feels but not face to face. The similarities of christian and chris are that they both ask for help on what to say to Roxanne, christian in the play asks Cyrano if he could talk to Roxane for him because he is very nervous when he talks to women, in the movie it is shown that bales and chris are workers and friends, but chris runs off and vomits every time he see’s Roxanne in either the bar where he runs off with sandy the bartender or Dixie’s diner( Raguneau bakery in the play). Christian and chris’s character traits are both the same and I think the author of the play and the director of the movie did an awesome job comparing the two in a more modern day form. C. D. Bales has a spilt personality just like Cyrano does in the movie because it is detailed that they both get insulted cause of the enormous nose but they handle it well with Cyrano sword fighting against others in the play and bales humorously fighting two tennis players with a tennis racket and also in the bar with 20 jokes to a dart champion. Both of the characters put the needs of others before himself, in both the play and the movie Cyrano and c. d. help chris/christian out with what type of letter he should send to Roxane/ Roxanne because it’s very hard to talk to her in person.

Controlling Organized Crime Essay

The following research will discuss how to control organized crime from different perspectives, principles, and theories. It will also encompass the problems presented by organized crime and the relationships it must establish to be successful and for its survival. This research will also explain how federal laws limit law enforcement agencies effectiveness to combat organized crime. There are probable solutions to some of the issues that we have today with organized crime tribunals. Organized crime groups are criminals that operate by conducting lawful and unlawful acts. In many occasions these organized crime groups own legitimate business, which works as a tool to launder money and camouflage their illegal activities. Criminal organizations are similar to major corporations in the aspect of providing a product that the public wants and demands for. They provide to their market an array of illegal comforts and not limited to; gambling, prostitution, narcotics, weapons, and stolen e lectrical products at a marked down rate. Criminal organizations would not be involved with any acts that do not result in a profit. Law enforcement studies have determined different theories that can assist in determining the reasons why the public in a particular geographical location have decided to partake in criminal activities. Many people fall to be victims to organized crime. They are affected by the drugs and other illegal activities that are brought into their community. Some victims are killed by organized crime groups for an array of reasons. Criminal justice scholars have established three major theories that assist law enforcement agencies to determine the origin of these criminal organizations. The alien conspiracy theory mainly consist of immigrants with different cultural believes and way of life (Lyman & Potter, 2007). In most cases this group of people have joined together to fight against government suppression. It is important to understand these reasons so law enforcement agencies can gather information by using tactics that will not raise the criminal organizations suspicions and be able to gather intelligence. The community and social networks in geographical locations are important factors that must be taken in to consideration when studying these criminal groups. Law enforcement agencies must determine if these locations life demands exceed the individual’s resources. When an individual is in a bad situation they may analyze the pros and cons of a criminal life and rationally decided that there are better opportunities and benefits turning to a criminal life style, this is called the rational choice theory (Lyman & Potter, 2007). To control criminal activity law enforcement has implemented severe punishments for crimes that relate to providing illegal substances or acts to the public. This method of controlling crime is called the deterrence theory (Lyman & Potter, 2007). Organized crime is combated at multiple levels federal and local. Local governments determine the methods and the intensity of law enforcement in their regions. It is ultimately there decision and responsibility to combat organized crime in their area. Because corruption and organized crime is primarily found in areas with deteriorated social development it is important that the local governments provide better opportunities for society. In these cases the government is inadequate and in most cases it fails to provide the proper financial means. Furthermore, it lacks a strong judicial system. Law enforcement agencies encounter legal limitations at all times when dealing with criminal cases. Many of those limitations can be found in the United States Constitution. Others are as simple as area of jurisdiction. For example: If an investigation leads officers to another state, they would need to notify their judicial and law enforcement agencies of their presence and be granted authority to continue their investigation in their area. Levels such as local, state, and national law enforcement exist and they may only execute arrest within their are a of operation. Otherwise they would need to get approval and if the approval is not granted any evidence found will be dropped from evidence. Also a limitation, such as the Fourth Amendment of the constitution prohibits law enforcement from illegal search and seizures. For example: If a law enforcement agent is investigating a Mafia member they must first gather sufficient evidence that shows with a doubt that there is probable cause and also be granted a search warrant by a judge. These procedures require tedious amount of work and time. The longer the process takes the efforts put into surveillance the more likely it is that the criminal will become aware of law enforcement presence and change their methods. The Fifth Amendment protects the accused and leaves the burden of proof to the prosecutor, which works from intelligence gathered by law enforcement. The Organized crime control act of 1970 and the RICO act are law passed to control organized crime groups from racketeering into legal business es. The patriot act extremely lowered restrictions to law enforcement agents giving them the authority to implement to their tactics wiretaps, audit of business records, and surveillance of people involved with terrorist groups. Because many organized crimes groups are involved with terrorist groups in the purchase and sell of products the patriot act granted the opportunity to law enforcement to investigate on suspects that were hard to reach before the patriot act became active. The most effective solution to fighting organized crime is for law enforcement agencies to work together at local, state, national, and international levels. In many occasions organized crime groups have people that aid them in political power positions. Government employees should be subject to a full back ground check and affiliation research to ensure that they are not assisting or co-working with any known criminal groups. Furthermore, these checks must also be performed in the military to ensure that we are not training individuals that are affiliated to criminal groups and inadvertently making them stronger. Organized crime groups are large profitable organizations. Law enforcement agencies are working together to implement laws and new tactics to reduce their criminal activity. It is imperative to understand that it requires the three groups of the judicial system to effectively combat organized crime. While the police enforces and neutralizes criminal activities the government must provide options to society to deter them from supporting or joining criminal activities. â€Æ'References Lyman, M. D., & Potter, G. W. (2007). Organized crime (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Legal Method - Case Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal Method - Case Summary - Essay Example The Court of Appeal also found that negligence could be inferred. The defendant then appealed to the HKC. The legal issue at the heart of this case was the extent to which the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur can be successfully claimed in relation to the facts of the case and the trial judge’s ruling. Pursuant to the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, the defendant would be liable if upon the evidence presented, it was found that the injury complained of, was such that it would not have occurred but for the defendant’s negligence and injury itself was within the parameters of the defendant’s duty of care relative to the plaintiff. The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur is especially relevant in medical cases alleging negligence where the plaintiff is not conscious and the medical professional administers care that is presumably within his/her knowledge and outside of the plaintiff’s knowledge. The res ipsa loquitur operates to establish causation and was therefore the legal issue at the center of the case. The plaintiff had surgery for prostate cancer on the lower part of his body and immediately after discovered that he had sustained a serious nerve injury to his left arm, an injury that he did not have prior to going into surgery. The injury was diagnoses as left radial nerve palsy. Since the injury was not associated with, nor in the vicinity of the surgery, the presumption was that the injury occurred during the anesthetist’s care. Moreover, the trial judge found that the injury was sustained while the plaintiff was under the effects of the anesthesia. It therefore followed that the injury occurred in circumstances where the patient/plaintiff was under the care of the anesthetist, albeit while in surgery. The factual issue in dispute was whether or not the injury occurred as a result of compression to the injury area and whether or not that

What is the Tao (Way) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is the Tao (Way) - Essay Example The Confucian way of Tao and the East and West ways of Tao will be examined in the paper. The definition of Tao is "Tao represents the basic concept of Taoism. In general, this term belongs to the spiritual atmosphere of the ancient China and can be translated "way", "mean", "art", "skill"., 1 To answer the question, what is the Tao way, depends on which tenets of Tao you side with. Tao can be translated differently depending on the perspective of the doctrines of Tao and individuals understand. This means that individuals have different doctrines of Tao and it depends on which of these doctrines an individual understands and how they understand that the question can be answered. Tao can be though of a philosophical school of thought and one of these schools of thought is the one that concerns the thoughts of Confucius. According to Confucius and those that understand Tao with these doctrines Tao "refers , "Tao" refers to the art of ruling the state of the ancient emperors like King Wen and the Duke of Chou," 2 1 Mitchell, Stephen. "Tao Te Ching" (1998) New York. 1st Perenn similar concepts." 3 In this context, the polisemy of this term resembles the polisemy of the concept "prima materia" of the Greek-Egyptian classique alchemy or of the medieval European alchemy. The way of Tao is the way a person perceives these tenets and uses them in their life. They can be used in all aspects of an individual's life from work ethic to the way they understand the world. The Tao way can be thought of as the way a person understands. The way a person understands Tao depends on their beliefs about Tao. Tao is traditionally an Eastern religion and school of thought; however, it is now practiced in the Western cultures. The answer to the question might differ in the East than the West because the doctrines and interpretation have changed slightly in Western cultures. This is due to the fact that Tao is a part of life in the East for many and they been taught the philosophies and doctrines of Tao since birth. Tao in a sense has been adopted in the Western cultures so so me of the concepts have deviated in the process. Nagarjuna and the Limits of Thought Jay L. Garfield and Graham Priest Nagarjuna seems willing to embrace contradictions while at the same time making use of classic reductio arguments. He asserts that he rejects all philosophical views including his own-that he asserts nothing-and appears to mean it. It is argued here that he, like many philosophers in the West and, indeed, like many of his Buddhist colleagues, discovers and explores true contradictions arising at the limits of thought. For those who share a dialetheist's comfort with the possibility of true contradictions commanding rational assent, for Nagarjuna to endorse such contradictions would not undermine but instead confirm the impression that he is indeed a highly rational thinker. It is argued that the contradictions he discovers are structurally analogous to many discovered by Western philosophers and mathematicians. 3 Graham explains that "Taoism, the practice of the Tao concepts) started as a combination of psychology and philosophy but evolved into a religious faith in 440 CE when it was adopted as a state religion." 4 At that time, Lao-Tse became popularly venerated as a deity. Earlier in this discussion, the Confucius philosophy was explained to be one school of thought that individuals used to understand Tao. This is because they are closely related and the thoughts of Eastern religions have many of the same doctrines. Taoism, along with Buddhism and Confucianism, became one of the three great religions of China around the time of 440 CE. "With the

Judicial Activism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Judicial Activism - Assignment Example The reason why I came down on Brennan’s side is that I find his point of view more realistic and progressive compared to Meese’s conservatism of sticking to the interpretation by the Framers of the Constitution, which is difficult, if not impossible, to determine.Borrowing from his words, I just find it unsettling that the â€Å"Constitution was meant to be interpreted only as the founding fathers intended† because it would be impossible to determine what their exact thoughts were given the time elapsed after the Constitution was framed.There may be notes and documents made during the debate in Philadelphia when the drafting of the Constitution was still in process but they will always be incomplete and can only give a hint of the intent of the Framers and cannot provide the total idea of the Framers when the Constitution was drafted.Assuming for the sake of argument that we should base our interpretations on the original intent of the Framers of the Constitution , the best record available during the drafting process of the Constitution that represents the thought of the Framers only represents about 7 percent of the Philadelphia debates.Gleaning from this figure, it is likely that succeeding interpretation would be to interpret it in the manner of judicial activism for the utter lack of documents to base the decision. I may wholeheartedly agree that the Framers of the Constitution had the noblest intention when they drafted the Constitution but they could not possibly anticipate nor box the realities of future according to the wisdom of their time.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Dickeson v. U.S. (2000) Term Paper

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Dickeson v. U.S. (2000) - Term Paper Example It takes time and consumes a lot of it in this case to ensure equity and transparency in their awarding of their judgments. This is because justice must be seen as served to the parties in the most professional way possible based on the facts in a given case. A case study of the Miranda v. Arizona case in 1966 and Dickerson v. U.S. case in 2000 reveals that the Supreme Court did not reverse their ruling or rather their decision. Judges ideologies helped a big deal in reaching the ruling, because judges had to explore different options for them to stay the ruling or reverse it altogether. When rights of suspects and how police do their prosecutions comes into discussion, it changes the approach to the whole story. Judges have to look deeper in the case to understand every single detailed based on their ideologies and possible scenarios should they determine the case in a certain way. Quoting the Miranda’s conviction which was overturned, the court made it clear about what should happen if the suspect chooses to exercise or practice their rights. The judges upheld that how an individual practices their rights, provided they do not infringe on the rights of others, should not be a case of a court scrutiny. The Martin Quinn scores indicate that the Supreme Court’s decision on Miranda Vs Arizona was a liberal judgment as it is marked with a negative. The approach which was brought during the court proceeding by his Court appointed Attorney was that Miranda was not given the chance of requesting for an attorney which the Supreme Court indicated that it should have been an option from the Police Department. This ruling from the Supreme Court of Arizona has therefore set precedence for other cases. It was a difficult case for the judges to make a determination, based on the public interest the case had attracted, but they had to observe their professional ethics and make a determination. It is clear from the above case that judges play a

Doing Business in Europe, Asia and the Americas Research Paper

Doing Business in Europe, Asia and the Americas - Research Paper Example Typically, these consisted independent operations in the handle of an expatriate. In its proliferation, the facilitation of information flow prompted the creation of offshore headquarters which functioned isolate of the local core group (Barber, J. P. 2002, pp.1-5). However, these international structures had about one third of the offshore venture in the form of shared ownership (Casseres 2006, p. 4). What firms manifest these days is cognizant of the global outlook. Less differentiation is placed on the local operations vis-a-vis the international division. Strategic structures shift authority and responsibility to the central domain, without the former 'single line authority' in force, rather a multiple lines responsibility (Barber, J. P. 2002, pp.1-5). Sheer size is given importance in the new corporate international strategy (Egelhoff 1988, p. 1-14). These firms have similar and complimenting features, when combined can operate more competently. They are alike because each is an industry icon that spells out of a history of corporate prestige. In the same way these firms compliment, having pursued a different market position in product lines such as novelty brands Oreo cookies over dairy milk chocolate. Cadbury and Kraft supplement one another in geographical footprint, thus distribution lines are less redundant, if not broadened (Beaudin, 2010). In the context and analysis of industry, a pair of firms can operate more competently when combined. In fact, dissimilar capabilities are often synchronized in the manufacture of opposite goods (Casseres 2006, p. 8-12). Acquisitions improve efficiency by seizure of synergies between firms (Crosoni, Gomes, McGinn, & Noth 2004, p.481-512). When put together, Cadbury-Kraft becomes an industry powerhouse. Both sum up an unrivalled portfolio of tremendous potential (The Independent 2010, sc. 2-4). The long term forecast revenues are estimated at a strait annual 5% upward trend in revenues and company growth at 9-11%. On its own, Kraft revenues rises at about 4% with company growth of 7- 9%. A prolonged growth in revenues determines annual cost savings of $625 million (Value Expectations 2010, sc. 1-3). It is argued that such transformation creates larger economies of scale higher and larger geographical markets (Lambrecht 2000, p.1-4). The takeover is meant to reshape market competition, imposing influence on emerging markets. The industry for chocolate and sweets is quite gaping and loosely split between international conglomerates: Mars, Wrigley, Kraft, Hershey, Ferrero and Nestl (Beaudin 2010, sc. 1-4). By the acquisition of Cadbury, Kraft assumes to suppress rivalry by the bundle of capabilities (Casseres 2006, p. 8-12). In other words, the industry turns out to be less competitive and too concentrated (Crosoni, Gomes, McGinn, & Noth 2004, p.481-512). And why global shares are expected to rise by 5% points from the estimated 20% holding for both firms (Value Expectations 2010, sc. 1-3). Takeovers can reduce production costs at minimal or result in

The Benefits of Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Benefits of Social Media - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that with the popularity of digital media, consumers of most products and services have developed an easy flair with the use of social media. This line of consumer behaviour whereby most consumers spend greater parts of their lives on social media gives marketers an obligation of channelling their marketing through the social media. This is a course that has been extensively justified in this report. The report takes a look at the benefits of social media from a marketing perspective. Also, the impact of social media in cost saving marketing and viral spreading of content of marketing have also been emphasised in detail.This study highlights that the dominant role that digital media and for that matter the internet plays in modern business engagements. The digital media and the internet have become avenues for the promotion of both globalisation and competitiveness among modern businesses. This is a fact that cannot be denied, given the extent to which organisations of different outlook depend on digital media and the internet at large to execute business functions. The impact of digital media on modern business was the fact that digital media fits almost every aspect of business engagement in a typical modern organisation. With this said, the current report seeks to single out marketing as an aspect of business engagement to look at how digital media influences marketing in any typical modern organisational setup.

The Effect of United States Army Training on the Decision Making Research Paper

The Effect of United States Army Training on the Decision Making Process of the Warfighter - Research Paper Example It will also be necessary to determine whether or not success in the classroom or on the field environment equates with success in the battlefield. The methods described by Benyus (2009), Fischer (2009), Gill (2004), and Robbins (2009) will be compared and contrasted in relation to methodology in relation to training. Abstract Depth An annotated bibliography of 15 peer-reviewed articles probes current thinking on training and the resultant decision influences through a filter of successful training sessions. An analysis of Department of the Army research data demonstrates that there is a problem of declining standards in Advanced Individual Training. The declining standards are manifested in the graduates being unable make sound judgment calls in combat situations when they are assigned to units deploying to Iraq and Afghanistan. Building on the material covered in the Breadth section and drawing on recent research material, a synthesized analysis of combat training and its influence on decision-making is conducted. This research study scrutinizes assessment tools that assist teachers and trainers in providing curriculum that is both informative and challenging to the learner. Abstract Application The Application considers the extent to which the training techniques employed to educate and train today’s combat soldiers are in need of improvement. Drawing on the material analyzed in the depth and breadth, the Application section examines the methodology used to train the soldier and how it has changed very little over the years. The application examines whether or not the end result of these techniques is poor decision making during the high stress of combat and its contribution to causes an increase in the number of casualties on the battlefield. The application determines whether or not an improvement of these methods will result in better decision making. This section will present a clear model for an approach to training for military and corporate tra iners. A complete overhaul of current training practices is not suggested, but rather, an upgrade designed to yield the desired outcome. This section will provide the culmination of the prior entries and present a workable model as the summary. TABLE OF CONTENTS BREADTH 4 What is Training? 4 Training’s shortcomings 5 A Trainer’s Cure 9 Initial Entry Training 15 Army Training Requirements 15 Field Training Exercise 23 Simulated War Fighter Games 23 Applying Benyus’ Theory of Biomimicry to Military Training 27 Biomimicry Theory Explained 27 The Training Theory of Fisher 31 Fisher’s Theory Explained 31 Gill’s Training Theory 33 Gill’s Theory Explained 33 Training Theory of Robbins 35 Robbins Theory Explained 35 Summary of Breadth 37 DEPTH 39 Annotated Bibliography 39 Literature Review Essay 59 Goals and Objectives of Training Combat Soldiers 59 Nature and Significance of Decision-Making in the Battlefield 62 What Improvements can be made to Arm y Training to Enhance Decision-Making 66 Summary of Depth 68 APPLICATION 69 Project Details 69 Ongoing Developments in Military Training

Hacker Essay Example for Free

Hacker Essay The advancement of information technology spans a lot of areas of our lives. Information technology has made a huge difference in industry, agriculture and services. This in turn boosts up the productivity of the society. However, the development of computer technology also leads to many security problems in our modern society. There has emerged a group of computer savvy people who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer system or computer network. Their motivation has put many questions on debating table. On the one hand, many people contend that a hacker is a dangerous person who will probably destroy the whole world’s computer system. On the other hand, others argue that hackers are not dangerous and not causing harm. This essay will discuss the two sides of the coin with regard to hackers with relevant examples. First of all, the definition of hacking and hackers need to be clearly understood so as to have an insight into hacking. Hacking can be defined as any kind of computer crimes. Pirating is the most popular form of hacking, which relates to the stealing information from written software programmes. In the computer security context, hackers are people who try to find the weaknesses of the computer network and exploit the information from software. Hackers may be encouraged by a variety of reasons, for instance profits, protests, or challenges. Hackers can be categorised into the three types, which are black hats, grey hats, and white hats. Black hat group or cracker is expertise in carrying out the harmful to the computer system. A grey hat is a hacking group that will not violate the law and help the government to defend the system. However, grey hat will apply the same methods to revert to black hat approaches. The white hat hacker has their own abilities and professional computing skills to protect the malicious threads and they can work for the government as security consultant or security analyst(Tim,2004). It is a common view that hackers are a threat to individual users, business and society as a whole. Hackers usually look for the bankcard details through breaking into the baking computer systems. With the information about customers of the banks, they can steal a huge amount of money, which cause a financial crisis to individuals. At the organizational level, regarding information of the organization such as research business plan or even financial reports is always involves with hacking. Digital database of the customer is also one of the target of hackers, with hackers stealing names , addresses, emails and financial data from organizations. Such a loss of data to a samall business may cost a competitive edge or the complete loss of a customer base, effectively ruining the organization. On the other hand, a business that involve in computer hacking may gain the benefits of data providing the competitive edge and access to the new customer bases through hacking. Personal or political data gained through computer hacking could serve as leverage in business or political dealings(Markoff, 2005). At the society level, apart from financial damage which is similar to individuals, hackers may hack into the national infrastructure system or business system then can control the electrical power plants, transportation, gas, and oil which called the threats of cyber terrorism(Moore, 2005). Moreover, for the military purpose if hacker could access to the system they can track the military movement or even know the exact position where the military camps are set. Compared with other terrorist methods, cyber terrorism needs only few personal and few inputs to achieve their intentions and does have to be physically attacked(Eric, 2012). Cyber terrorists can actually operate their mission from a distance to create damage from a distance and the security agents cannot find them because they change IP address to hide their address and finally it becomes the most challenge issue for the government agents to indentify and capture them(Eric,2012). However there are some positive consequences that hackers bring to the safer security environment of the organization. It is thought that hackers are not always a harmful to the society but have significant role to protect the society from attackers. Over the years computer-related crimes have become more sophisticated. New network security is become more important about defending and documenting defenses. People are finding out about firewalls and putting them up and also find out about VPN server security and actually instantiate VPN servers. It is normally not about modeling an attack the method an attacker would. Those are very different things. With a view to enhancing the network security, some popular practices have been applied. or example, ethical hacking is looking for the weakness in the network system under operations, portfolioing these loopholes and finding the solutions to compensate those weakness by reinforcing some features of the system to prevent likely attacks from computer crimminals( Tim ed al. , 2004). Hacking is also widely being used to rectify data security issues for busin esses. Certain types of hackers such as Grey hat works with businesses to strengthen the security system by assisting the company whereby seeking out the weaknesses of the system. For instance, Gregory Evans who ever caught because of criminal hacking, is now working for the US government as a security consultant(Markoff, 2005). Furthermore, Brand innovation has included one of the advantages of hacking. Hacking can be employed to increase the revenue of the company by using of acknowledgement of hackers to create some new ideas and destruct the old products. In order to implement this, hackers must have to go through the system and change the brand’s code(Tim, 2004). In conclusion, it is a bias- based opinion that people can conclude when looking just only at the downside of the hacking. However, there are some good perspectives of hacking. I personally believe that hackers are not always causing harm, but help the security system to protect the system from other hackers. All things considered, hackers, together with hacking, are not always dangerous. They could act as a driving force for all the computer programmers to unstoppingly correct all the weaknesses in the system and discover new and more effective software.