Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. Frutescens

Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. FrutescensKabir PremaIntroductionRationaleThere are approximately 6.1 million people living with the human beings Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in randomness Africa (Unaids.org, 2014). People with HIV/Aids go for a higher risk of getting secondary infections and diseases much(prenominal) as Tuberculosis, which is the ca consumption of numerous deaths in mho Africa (Tbfacts.org, 2014). About 5.5 million people in South Africa are infected with Tuberculosis (Salim S. Abdool Karim, 2009). I have chosen to research and experiment on the Sutherlandia frutescens because it has anti-bacterial and anti-HIV properties (Katerere and Eloff, 2014). I also have a keen interest in alternative medicines so researching and mental testing a plant with mevery diverse properties such as S. frutescens will be an interesting and fruitful experience for me.HypothesisCompounds extracted from S. frutescens have bactericid e properties.AimTo test three rootage regularitys (water, ethanol and acetone) on S. frutescens, to see which method will have the most effective anti-bacterial properties on two different strains of bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis). look into and Experimental MethodologyFor this project I will rely on secondary research. Which includes research expressions and discipline from websites on the S. frutescens, extraction methods of antibacterial compounds and statistics regarding specific diseases touch on South Africa. I will also be doing primary research such as apply different extraction methods to extract the antibacterial compounds from S. frutescens. I will testing the extracts on two different strains of bacteria.LimitationsThe limitations that I would face in my research task would be the reliability of the research binds I utilize with regards to the S.frutescens. The strains of bacteria that Im using are harmful to human beings.Review of Literature stock 1 nameA re view of the taxonomy, ethno plant, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae).AuthorsB-E. van Wyk, C. AlbrechtYear of publication2008summaryThe article is a review of many different articles on S. frutescens. The article focuses on the chemistry and ethnopharmacology of S. frutescens. It name calling the ailments that S. frutescens is utilise to treat ailments such as urinary tract infections and HIV. Its also utilise as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Its has been shown that S. frutescens has been widely used as a medication by various groups in South Africa particularly the in the Western Cape.ValidityThis article is review of many different articles and most of theinformation is derived from other articles concerningS. frutescens and its properties and uses. reliabilityThis article is from the ledger of Ethnopharmacology, which is published on the journal publishing site elsevier.com. The journal was also reviewed by a board of editors from manyd ifferent countries.Evidence use to support conclusionThe leaves of the Sutherlandia frutescens have antibacterial properties. Recent studies on this plant have mostly focused on the anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, moderating and antibacterial activities. emolumentThe article describes the many uses and properties of S. frutescens such as its antibacterial properties, its anti-inflammatory and its anti-HIV properties. The article also goes over the many uses of S. frutescens ovLimitationsThe article doesnt elaborate on much on the antibacterial activities of S.frutescens The article doesnt show methods of extracting S.frutescens.Author CredentialsB-E. van Wyk is a professor at the Universityof Johannesburg and teaches undergraduate plant taxonomy,postgraduate taxonomy, systematics, chemosystematics of Africanplant families, medical plant chemistry and ethnobotany.Source 2TitleAntibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (F abaceae), A Reputed Anti-HIV/ aid PhytomedicineAuthorsDavid R. Katerere and Jacobus N. Eloff*Year of publication2005SummaryThe article describes the extraction methods that were used to extract S.frutescens The article also describes the how the different extracts where tested on different strains of bacteria. The article is to the highest degree the antibacterial and antioxidant natural process of S.frutescens. The second method of extraction produced a greater yield than the first method of extraction.ValidityThe first extraction method used five grams of a commercially available leaf sample of Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele). The Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele) sample was consecutively extracted three times using different substances, first with Hexane (coded SF-H), then(prenominal) by dichloromethane (DCM) (SF-D), then by acetone (SF-A) and finally by ethylacetate (SF-E). The second method consisted of splitting a leaf sample of a Sutherlandia fru tescens into three portions weighing 5g each. The portions where portions where extracted separately twice with acetone, ethanol and water. Each extract was then dried using a rotary evaporator and weighed. The aqueous extract was then freeze dried.ReliabilityS, frutescens was extracted using two different extraction methods.Evidence use to support conclusionThe total yield of all four solvents in the first method of extraction was 10.5%. In the second extraction method, acetone extracted 5.6%. Ethanol extracted 12.6% while eater extracted 17.2%.UsefulnessIts useful as it gives methods to extract the active divisionfrom the plant.LimitationsThe article doesnt give a testing method that I can easily perform at school.Authors CredentialsDavid R. Katerere specializer Scientist at SA MRC, Visitingscientist at Scynexis, visiting scientist at UNINA, traineePharmacist at Drug Tech Pharmacy, Chief Bioanalyst atPAREXEL, Postdoc at University of PretoriaJacobus N. Eloff* bullion Medal for Science for SocietyAcademy for Science of South Africa (September 2012), Goldmedal of the South African Academy for Science and Art isawarded for scientific and scientific Achievement, Bronzemedal from the International Horticultural Society (December2008) in recognition of the organising the World Conference on Medical and Aromatic Plants.Source 3TitleFive Ochna species have high antibacterial activity and morethan ten antibacterial compoundsAuthorsTshepiso J. Makhafola1Jacobus N. Eloff1Year of publication2011SummaryThe article is roughly the antibacterial activities of five Ochna species. Leaf samples where extracted using different mediums from the leaf. The extracts were tested against various strains of bacteria.ValidityThe dried leaf powder was extracted with 20mL of acetone.The solution was then shaken in 50 mL centrifuge tubes andcentrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 rpm. The extracts weredecanted through into glass vials through filter papers and thesolution was concentrate d to dryness with a stream of cold air.Only clean and dry leaves were selected, the selected leaves had no blemishes or dirt. The leaves were not washed with water as the water would possibly extract many water-soluble compounds, and to limit the posibilty of fungal growth on the leaves due to the moisture left on the surface due to the water. The leaves were dried at room temperature in the calamitous. The leaves were then made into a fine powder, with the particles being less than 1 mm in diameter. The leaves were then stored in sealed glass bottles in the dark to reduce chemical changes in the compounds present in the leaves.ReliabilityThere were no competing interests the article.Evidence use to support conclusionThe percentage yield in acetone between the five species was O. gamostigmata (8%), followed by O. pulchdra, (7.5%), O. serullata (7%) O. pretorienses and O. natalitia ((2.5%)UsefulnessThis article shows different extraction methods and it also givesa suggestion to whi ch extraction method and solvent workedthe beat out to extract the particular compounds. It provides detailedimages, tables and graphs which makes it easier to view the datathat was collected.LimitationsOnly gives information about on genus of plant (Ochna) and there is no information of S. frutescens. Authors CredentialsKobus (Jacobus N) Eloff Gold Medal for Science for Society,Eskom award for capacity development, Gold medal of the SouthAfrican Academy for Science and Art is awarded for Scientificand Technological Achievement, Gold Medal for BotanyTshepiso Makhafola Attended the University of Pretoria from2008-2010. He has skills and expertise in research, molecularbiology and biotechnology.Source 4Title invite of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cellnumbers, sound structure and gene expression in MCF-7cellsAuthorsB.A. Standera, S. Maraisa, T.J. Steynberga, D. Theronb, F.Joubertc, C. Albrechtdand A.M. JoubertaYear of publication2007SummaryThe article is about the influence of S.frutescens on cell numbers, morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. An extraction was made our of small twogs and leaves, the solution was then filtered. It was demonstrated that ethanolic extracts of S. frutescens stamp down multiplying of MCF-7 mammary adenocarcinoma cells.ValidityDulbeccos minimum intrinsic medium eagle (DMEM)with Glutamax (Gibco BRL, USA) TrypsinEDTA Crystal violet DNA stain was used to determine thenumber of cells. (Spectrophotometrically) Heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) was used to polish the MCF 7 human boob cell line. Penicillin was used to culture the MCF 7 humanbreast cell line. Streptomycin was used to culture MCF 7 humanbreast cell line. Sterile cell culture flasks 96-well plates where used to house the culturing cells. MCF-7 human breast a denoma carcinoma cell linewere cultured in DMEM Cell sound structure Two hundred and fifty thousandMCF-7 cells were put onto heat-sterilized coverslipsin well plates and they were exposed to 1 .5 mg/ml ofSutherlandia Frutescence extract for periods of 24, 36,48, and 72 hours at 37C cells where counted using amicrosceope.ReliabilitySterile culture flasks and well plates where used, the cultureswhere kept at a constant temperature of 37C and in ahumidified melody with 5% CO2, the specimens ofSutherlandia frutescens were air dried in the shade in thearea of Murraysburg in the Karoo, to reduce the chancedegradation of the specimens. The specimens where identifiedas Sutherlandia frutescens by the botany and biotechnologydepartment at the university of Johannesburg.1 gram of Sutherlandia frutescens was mixed with 10ml of 70%ethanol to produce a stock solution. After the extraction of theSutherlandia frutescens it was centrifuged to remove any debrisand then it was filtered twice to obtain a purified 100mg/mlstock solution.The cells where cultured for 24 hours. Vehicle controles whereused prove the effectiveness of the Sutherladnia frutescens.The results that were obtained were statistically analysed for signification using analysis of variance factor model. This wasthen proceeded by a two-tailed Students t-test.Evidence use to support conclusionThe ethanol extracts of the Sutherlandia frutescens inhibitedthe growth of the MCF-7 mammary adencarcenoma cells of theperiod of 72 hours. 1.5 mg/ml of the Sutherlandia frutescensethanol extract was statistically found to reduce 50% of thegrowth of MCF-7 cell over 24 hours when compared to thevehicle-treated control.UsefulnessIt shows different methods of extracting the Sutherlandiafrutescens and different substances used to extract the plant. Italso gives results that have been statistically proven.LimitationsThere arent any tests to prove its antibacterial effectiveness.The article doesnt mention the chemical compounds present inthe plant that prove its effectiveness.Authors CredentialsB.A. Stander Department of Physiology, University ofPretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfricaS. Marais Department of P hysiology, University of Pretoria,P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfricaT.J. Steynberg Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaD. Theron ACGT Microarray Facility, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South AfricaF. Joubert Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South AfricaC. Albrecht Cancer Association of South Africa, P.O. Box 2121, Bedfordview 2008, South AfricaA.M. Joubert Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaSource 5TitleAntibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae)AuthorsStefano Banfi, Enrico Caruso, Viviana Orlandi, Paola Barbieri,Serena Cavallari, Paolo Vigan, Pierangelo Clerici and LucaChiodaroliYear of publication2014SummaryGuiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum lwaves wereused and tested on for the presence of antibacterial compounds.Five solvents were used to extract the plant material the solventswere used in increasing polarity. Escherichia coli C1a andStaphylococcus aureus MSSA were used to test the antibacterialeffectiveness of the plants. A bioautographic method was used tomonitor the antibacterial activity of the plants extracts throughoutthe purification steps. The borderline Inhibitory Concentrationand Minimum Bacterial Concentration of the most purified andactive plant extracts were evaluated at the end of the procedure.ValidityDry leaves extraction procedure Whole leaves of C.micranthum and G. senegalensis, were dried immediately afterobtaining them from the plant in a local drying room at 40C.The dried leaves were then sent to Varses. Dried whole leavesweighing 100g were poured in a 2.5 L bottle and treated with600ml of cyclohexane (least polar solvent). After a periodof 24 hours the leaves were separated from the solvent by pith of a Buckner funnel. This procedure was recurrent usingprogressively more polar solvent s toluene, acetone, EtOH andwater respectively.Agar diffusion assay Between 4-5 isolated colonies of eachstrain were collected and resuspended in 5ml of PB. It was thenput onto its respective solid growth medium by means of a sterilecotton swab. The plates were incubated at 37C for a desexualize amountof time required for each microorganism. The antibacterial effectof the extract was measured by measuring the growth inhibitionhalo. Pictures if the inhibition halos were taken using a camera todocument the findings.ReliabilityIncubation temperature was kept constant at 37C. Evidenceof the inhibition rings were taken by means of a photo cameraand those images were later analysed. A fair test was performedas four different methods of extraction where used, each withincreasing polarity.Evidence use to support conclusionCm4-P showed good activity against S. aureus and S. xylosus.Cm4-P showed some activity against Gram negative strains. Gs2-Paq was found to be more active against the Gram positive strianscompared to Cm4-P.UsefulnessGives an example of how an extraction could be done by orderingthe solvents according to polarity. It shows how the inhibitionrings can be measured and analysed i.e. By means of pickingsphotographs.LimitationsThe article doesnt show extraction methods and testing methods for S. frutescensAuthors CredentialsStefano Banfi phase in organic chemistry in February1980 at the University of Milan, coadjutor Professor in Organic Chemistry.Enrico Caruso Graduated with a degree in organic chemistry in October 1998 from the University of Milan, Assistant Professor in Organic Chemistry,Viviana Orlandi 1995 Degree in Biological Sciences, University of Milan discussing a thesis on Expression of oppioid receptor in primary coltures of murine cortex neurons trasduction signal pathway and interaction with glutamate receptors. phallus of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM).Paola Barbieri 1980 Degree in Biolog ical Science at the University of Milan, Institute of Genetics. Member of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)Member of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM).Serena CavallariPaolo Vigan Degree in Biological Sciences Postgraduate Diploma in Microbiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences Specialist in MicrobiologyLuca Chiodaroli final stageSource 1 deals with the general usage of S.frutescens as a medicinal plant in South Africa. Source 2 deals with the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of S. frutescens. It also shows extraction methods and bacterial testing methods. Source 3 shows the antibacterial activities of the Ochna species of plants. This source gives an indication of what types of bacteria that need to be used for testing the antibacterial activities of the S. frutescens. Source 4 is about the influence of S. frutescens extract on MCF-7 cells. It has a good indication of an extraction method that can be used. Source 5 is about the antibacterial activity of leaf exracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis. It gives an example of an extraction method that can be used for S. frutescens. All the sources deal with extraction method that can be used for certain plants. Not all the articles deal with the extraction methods and testing of S. frutescens.ReferencesB-E. van Wyk and C. Albrecht, 2008. A review of the taxonomy,ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandiafrutescens (Fabaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Online.119, 621-629. Available at http//def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/A-review-of-the-taxonomy-ethnobotany-chemistry-and-pharmacology.pdf Accessed 20 April 2014.David R. Katerere and Jacobus N. Eloff . 2005. Antibacterialand Antioxidant Activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), AReputed Anti-HIV/AIDS Phytomedicine. ONLINE Available athttp//def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Antibacterial-and-Antioxidant-Activity-of1.pdf. Accessed 06 April 14.Tsh episo J. Makhafola and Jacobus N. Eloff. (2011). FiveOchna species have high antibacterial activity and more thanten antibacterial compounds. South African Journal of Scienceonline. 108, 689.Available Fromhttp//www.sajs.co.za/five-ochna-species-have-high-antibacterial-activity-and-more-ten-antibacterial-compounds/makhafola-tshepiso-eloff-jacobus.St, er, B., Marais, S., Steynberg, T., Theron,D., Joubert, F., Albrecht, C. and Joubert, A. (2007). Influenceof Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cell numbers,morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. Journal ofethnopharmacology, 112(2), pp.312318.Banfi, S., Caruso, E., Orlandi, V., Barbieri, P., Cavallari,S., Vigano, P., Clerici, P. and Chiodaroli, L. (2014). Antibacterial Activityof Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis(Combretaceae). Research Journal of Microbiology, online 9(2), pp.66-81.Salim S. Abdool Karim, S. (2009). HIV infection and tuberculosis in South Africa an urgent need to escalate the public health response. Lancet, online 374(9693), p.921. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803032/ Accessed 14 May. 2014.Fritz Lherisson, F. (2014). South Africa. online Unaids.org. Available at http//www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica/ Accessed 16 May. 2014.