The major reasons for the declining in communal life in the pacific Essay Example for Free

The study efforts for the declining in communal aliveness in the pacific EssayBelow is a exonerate essay on Discuss The Major Reasons For The Decline Of Commu from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. PlanTitle Discuss the major reasons for the decline of communal life in the peaceable. C Decline in Communal LifeL Reasons PacificD ArgueContext all(prenominal) society in the Pacific searches for ways to maintain their inherited ways of life and preserve their unique culture Subject Communal Life express mail Subject Decline in Communal life in the PacificIssue What are the major reasons for the decline in communal life in the Pacific? Thesis statement The major reasons for the decline in communal life in the Pacific are threefold Sociocultural evolution, Changes in life style and Economical issues. Supports for the thesisMain idea 1 Sociocultural evolutionOne of the foremost reasons for the decline in communal life in the Pacif ic is the sociocultural evolution reenforcement idea a EducationThe primary sociocultural reason for the decline of communal life in the Pacific is education Details Human/women/children rights freedom generation gapSupporting idea b Greed and self interestThe next sociocultural reason for the decline in communal life in the Pacific is greed and self-interest Details Demand for ownership of land Poor leaders devising unreliable decisions that affect everybody in the communal areas people are more concerned about their own family and their needs and wantsMain idea 2 Changes in lifestyleSecondly, the reason for the decline in communal life in the Pacific is due to the changes in lifestyle of people in communal settlements.Supporting idea a Loss of valuesThe most basic change in lifestyle reason for the decline in communal life in the Pacific is the loss of values Details Intermarriages individualism Conflicts of interestSupporting idea b Westernization and Mass mediaLikewise, an other change in lifestyle reason for the decline in communal life in the Pacific is the effects of mass media and westernization Details Changes in

Universal Motives Essay Example for Free

Universal Motives EssayWhat are universal motives? What are some examples of universal motives? In the smell of psychology, scientist study and determine the expressional characteristics of each individual based on their personal motives and interest On this aspect, human person basically react, decide, or barely act towards the achievements of their motives and interest. Thus, ensuring the achievement or the delight of these factors can significantly motivate or encourage a person towards a certain reaction or behavioral conditioning. Because of which, the factor of motives and interest become an important factor in the determination of the behavioral praxis and characteristics of each individual. In the field of behavioral pattern and psychological characteristic, several factors are considered to be of universal nature as the general society display similar interest towards the achievement or satisfaction of these certain factors. Due to which, the scientific society est ablished these factors to be universal motives as they are rooted in the innate needs and characteristics of the human behavior in general. Included in this category are the motives for food or survival, job for bio affable function, sex for reproduction and physiological pleasure, friends or family for social acceptance, bodily comfort, health, special(prenominal) fears, and others.These motives are commonly shared by the universal human population or certain social regions thus, becoming a similar factor in the field of human behavior. The manifestation and development of these universal motives in each individual likewise become a unique characteristic based on the origin of these influences such as environmental factors, social inheritance, biological structures, and others. In general, these motivational factors are commonly shared by the human population bad them their universal characteristics. The satisfaction of these universal motives are generally important in the behav ioral modification and conditioning in the social perspective as these factors serves as the common interest of the people. Likewise, the achievement of these universal motives are essential as they are based on the basic needs of each individual in the physiological and biological nature thus, important for their welfare and survival. As such, considering these factors is important in understanding the human behavioral characteristics and patterns in both the individual and social perspective.BibliographyGorman, Philip (2004). Motivation and Emotion. Routledge Publication. ISBN-10 0415227704.

What Materials Can Be Recycled Environmental Sciences Essay

What Materials Can Be Recycled Environmental Sciences EssayRecycling involves processing employ bodilys into new crossings in order to prevent dotty of potentially useful squ ars, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce expertness usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water system pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for conventional waste brass, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as comp atomic number 18d to virgin carrefourion. Recycling is a key section of modern waste management and is the third component of the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle waste hierarchy.Recyclable materials include many patterns of glass, paper, metal, tractile, textiles and electronics. Although equal in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegrabale waste- such(prenominal) as food or garden waste- is not typical considered cycle. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a assemblage center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned up , and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.In a strict sense cycle of a material would produce a fresh supply of the identical material, for example, utilize office paper to more office paper, or used foamed polystyrene to more polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same harvest-tide from raw materials or other sources), so recycling of many products or materials involves their reuse in producing disaccordent materials (e.g., cardboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the salvage of veritable materials from complex products, either due to their raw(a) value (e.g., lead from car batteries, or g rare from computer components), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse of mercury from various items).Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs. Specififically, critics argue that the costs and energy saved in appealingness and transportation de tract from (and possibly outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process, to a fault that the jobs produced by the recycling industry production, washstand be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining and other industries associated with virgin production, and that the materials such as paper pulp give the gate only be recycled few times before material degradation prevents further recycling. Proponents of recycling counter each of these claims, and the validity of arguments from both sides led to enduring controversy.HistoryEarly recycling recycling has been a common practice for most of human history, which recorded advocates as far back as Plato in 400 BC (Greek, 428/427 BC 348/347 BC, was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues.Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of natural philosophy, science, and Western philosophy. Plato was originally a student of Socrates). During periods when resources were scarce, archeological studies of ancient waste dumps show less household waste ( such as ash, bulge(p) tools and pottery)- implying more waste was being recycled in the absence of new material.In pre-industrial times, there is evidence of scrap bronze and other metals being collected in Europe and melted down for perpetual reuse. In Britain dust and ash from wood and coal fires was collected by dustmen and downcycled as a base material use in brick making. The main driver for these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock instead of acquiring virgin material, as well as a leave out of public waste removal in ever more densely populated areas.Wartime recyclingResource shortages caused by the world was, on other such world-changing ocurrences greatly encouraged recycling. Massive government promotion campaigns were carri ed out in the World War II in e very country involved in the war, urging citizens to donate metals and conserve fibre, as a matter of signigicant patriotic importance. Resource conservation programs established during the war were continued in some contries without an teemingness of natural resources, such as Japan, after the war ended.Post-war recyclingThe next big investment in recycling occured in the 1970s, due to rising energy costs. Recycling aluminum use only 5% of the energy necessitated by virgin production, glass, paper and metals have less dramatic but very significant energy savings when recyclind feedstock is used.ProcessCollection A number of different systems have been implemented to collect recyclables from general waste stream. These systems tend to finesse along the spectrum of trade-off among public convenience and government ease and expense. The three main categories of collestion are drop-off centres and curbside assembly.Dro-off centres require the waste producer to train the recyclables to underlying location, either and installed or mobile collection station for the reprocessing plant itself. They are the easiest type of collection to establish, but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput. Buy-back centres differ in that the cleaned recyclables are purchased, thus providing a clear incentive for use and creating a stable supply. The subsides are necessary to make buy-back centres a viable enterprise.Curbside collection Curbside collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recyclables are sorted and cleaned. The main categories are mixed waste collection, commingled recyclables and source insularism. A waste collection vehicule generally picks up the waste.At one end to the spectrum is mixed waste collection, in which all recyclables are collected mixed in with the rest of the waste, and the desired material is then sorted out and cleaned at a central sorting facility . This results in a gigantic amount of recyclable waste, paper especially, being too soiled to reprocess but has advantages as well, the city need to pay for a separate collection of recyclables and not public education is needed. Any variety shows to which materials are recyclable is easy to accomodate as all sorting happens in a central location.In a commingled or single- stream system, all recyclables for collection are mixed but kept separate from other waste. This greatly reduces the need for post-collection cleaning but does require public education on what materials are recyclable.Source separation is the other extreme, where each material is cleaned and sorted prior to collection. This method requires the last post-collection sorting and produces the purest recyclables, but incurs additional operating costs for collection of each separate material. An extensive public education program is also required, which must be successful if recyclables contamination is to be avoide d.Source separation used to be the preferred method due to the high sorting costs incurred by commingled collection. Advances in sorting engine room (explained in Sorting paragrapgh below), however, have lowered this overhead substantially-many areas which had developed source separation programs have since switched to commingled collection.Sorting Once commingled recyclables are collected and delivered to a central collection facility, the different types of materials must be sorted. This is done in a series of stages, many of which involve automated process such as the truck-load of material can be fully sorted in less than an hour. Some plants can now sort the materials automatically, cognize as Singke Stream. A 30% amplification in recycling rates has been seen in the areas where these plants exist.Initially the commingled recyclables are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a conveyor belt extend out in a single layer. Large pieces of cardboard and plactic bags are removed by hand at this stage, as they can cause afterward machinery to jam.Next automated machinary separates the recyclables by weight, splitting lighter paper and ductile from heavier glass and metal. Cardboard is removed from the mixed paper, and the most common types of plastic, PET(1) and HPDE (2), are collected. This separation is usually done by hand, but has become automated in some sorting centres, a spectroscopic scanner is used to differentiate between different types pf paper and plastic based on the absorbed wavelenghts (lenght of wave cycle), and subsequently divert each material into the proper collection channel.Strong magnets are used to separate out ferrous metals, such as iron, nerve, and thin-plated steel cans (tin cans). Non-ferrous metals are ejected by magnetic eddy currents in which a rotating magnetic theme induces an electric current around the atomic number 13 cans, which in turn creates a magnetic eddy current inside the cans. This magnetic edd y current is repulsed by a large magnetic field, and the cans are ejected from the rest of the recyclable stream.Finally, glass must be sorted by hand based on its coloring brown, amber, green or clear.Common recyclablesMany different materials can be recycled but each type requires different technique.Aggregates and concretes Concrete aggregate collected from destruction sites is put through a crushing machine, often along with asphalt, bricks, dirt, and rocks. Smaller pieces of concrete are used as gravel for new construction projects. depressed recycled concrete can also be used as the dry aggregate for brand new concrete if it is free of contaminants. This reduces the need for other rocks to be dug up, which in turn saves trees and habitats.Batteries The large variation in size and type of batteries makes their recycling extremely difficult, they must first be sorted into similar kinds and each kind requires an individual process. Additionally, older batteries contain mercury a nd cadmium (mettalic chemical element), harmful materials which must be handled with care. Because of their potential environmental damage, proper disposal of used batteries is required by law in many areas. Unfortunately, this mandate has been difficult to enforce.Lead-acid batteries, like those used in automobiles, are relatively easy to recycle. perishable waste Kitchen, garden, and other green waste can be recycled into useful material by composting. This process allows natural aerobic material to break down the waste into fertile topsoil. Must composting is done on a household scale, but municipal green-waste collection programs also exist. The programs can supplement their funding by selling the topsoil produced.Clothing Recycling clothe via consignment or swapping has become increasingly popular. In a clothing swap, a group of slew gather at a venue to exchange clothes amongst each other.Electronics disassembly and reformation The direct disposal of electrical equipment, su ch as old computers and mobile phones, is banned in many areas due to toxic contents of certain components. The recycling process works by mechanically separating the metals, plastics, and circuit boards contained in the appliance. When this is done on a large scale at an electronic waste recycling plant, component recovery can be archived in cost-effective. ferric metals Iron and steel are the worlds most recycled materials, and among the easiest to reprocess, as they can be separated magnetically from the waste stream. Recycling is via a steelworks, scrap is either remelted in an electric arc furmace (90-100%scrap), or used as the part of the charge in a basic Oxygen furnace (around 25%). Any grade of steel can be recycled to top quality new metals, with no downgrading from prime to lower quality materials as steel is recycled repeatedly. 42% of crude steel product is recycled material.Non-ferrous metals Aluminium is the most efficient and widely-recycled materials. Aluminium is s hredded and ground into small pieces or low-spirited into bales. These pieces or bales are melted in an aluminium smeltery to produce molten aluminium. By this stage the recycled aluminium is indistinguishable from virgin aluminium and further processin is identical for both. This process does not produce any change in the metal, so aluminium can be recycled indefinitely.Recycling aluminium saves 95% of the energy cost of processing new aluminium. This is because the temperature necessary for melting recycled, more or less pure, aluminium is 600 C, while to extract mined aluminium from its ore requires 900 C. To reach this higher temperature, much more energy is needed, leading to the high environmental benefits of environmental benefits of aluminium recycling. Also the energy saved by recycling one aluminium can is enough to run a television for 3 hours. ice trumpery bottles and jars are gathered then sorted into color categories. The collected glass cullet is taken to a glass r ecycling plant where it is monitored for purity and contaminants are removed. The cullet is crushed and added to a raw material mix in a melting furnace. It is then mechanically blown or molded into new jars or bottles. Glass cullet is also used in the construction industry for aggregate and glassphalt. Glassphalt is a road-laying material which comprises around 30% recycled glass. Glass can be recycled indefinitely as its structure does not deteriorate when reprocessed.Paper Paper can be recycled by reducing it to pulp and combining it with pulp from newly harvested wood. As the recycling process causes the paper fibres to break down, each time paper is recycled its quality decreases. This means that either a higher percentage of new fibres must be added, or the paper downcycled into lower quality products. Any writing or colouration of the paper must first be removed by deinking, which also removes fillers, clays, and fibre fragments.Almost all paper can be recycled today, but som e types are harder to recycle than others. Paper coated with plastic or aluminium foil, and paper that are waxed, pasted, or gummed are usually not recycled because the process is too expensive. Gift-wrap paper also cannot be recycled due to its already poor quality.Plastic Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and reprocessing the material into useful products. Compared to glass or metallic materials, plastic poses unique challenges. Because of the massive number of types of plastic, they each carry a resin identification code, and must be sorted before they can be recycled. This can be costly, while metals can be sorted using electromagnets, not such easy sorting capability exists for plastics. In addition to this, while labels do not need to be removed from bottles for recycling, lids are often made from a different kind of non-recyclable plastic.To help in identifying the materials in various plastic items, resin identification code numbers 1-6 h ave been assigned to six common kinds of recyclable plastic resins, with the number 7 indicating any other kind of plastic, whether recyclable or not. Standardized symbols are available incorporating each of these resin codes.Textiles When considering textile recycling one must understand what the material consists of most textiles are composites of cotton (biodegradable material) and synthetic plastics. The textiles composition will affect its durability and method of recycling.Workers sort and separate collected textiles into good quality clothing and shoes which can be reused or worn. There is a trend of moving these facilities from developed countries to developing countries either for charity or sold for cheaper price. Usually, international organisations collect used textiles from developed countries as a donation to those third world countries. This recycling practice is encouraged because it helps to reduce unwanted waste while providing clothing to those in need. Damaged te xtiles are further sorted into grades to make industrial wiping cloths and use in paper manufacture or material suitable for fibre reclamation and filling products. If textile reprocessors receive wet or soiled clothes however, these may still disposed of in a landfill, as the washing and drying facilities are not present at sorting units.Wood Recycling wood has become popular due to its image as an environmentally friendly product, with consumers normally beleiving that by purchasing recycling wood the demand will fall and ultimately benefit the environment. The arrival of recycled wood as a construction product has been important in both raising industry and consumer awarness towards deforestation and promoting wood mills to adopt environmentally friendly practices.Other techniques Several other materials are also commonly recycled, frequently at an industrial level.Ship breaking is one example that has associated environmental, health, and safety risks for the area where the oper ation takes place, balancing all these considerations is a environmental justice problem.Tyre recycling is also common. Used tyres can be added to asphalt for producing road surfaces or to make rubber much used on playgrounds for safety. There are also often used as the insulation and heat absorbing/releasing material in specially constructed homes known as earthships.

Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. Frutescens

Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. FrutescensKabir PremaIntroductionRationaleThere are approximately 6.1 million people living with the human beings Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in randomness Africa (Unaids.org, 2014). People with HIV/Aids go for a higher risk of getting secondary infections and diseases much(prenominal) as Tuberculosis, which is the ca consumption of numerous deaths in mho Africa (Tbfacts.org, 2014). About 5.5 million people in South Africa are infected with Tuberculosis (Salim S. Abdool Karim, 2009). I have chosen to research and experiment on the Sutherlandia frutescens because it has anti-bacterial and anti-HIV properties (Katerere and Eloff, 2014). I also have a keen interest in alternative medicines so researching and mental testing a plant with mevery diverse properties such as S. frutescens will be an interesting and fruitful experience for me.HypothesisCompounds extracted from S. frutescens have bactericid e properties.AimTo test three rootage regularitys (water, ethanol and acetone) on S. frutescens, to see which method will have the most effective anti-bacterial properties on two different strains of bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis). look into and Experimental MethodologyFor this project I will rely on secondary research. Which includes research expressions and discipline from websites on the S. frutescens, extraction methods of antibacterial compounds and statistics regarding specific diseases touch on South Africa. I will also be doing primary research such as apply different extraction methods to extract the antibacterial compounds from S. frutescens. I will testing the extracts on two different strains of bacteria.LimitationsThe limitations that I would face in my research task would be the reliability of the research binds I utilize with regards to the S.frutescens. The strains of bacteria that Im using are harmful to human beings.Review of Literature stock 1 nameA re view of the taxonomy, ethno plant, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae).AuthorsB-E. van Wyk, C. AlbrechtYear of publication2008summaryThe article is a review of many different articles on S. frutescens. The article focuses on the chemistry and ethnopharmacology of S. frutescens. It name calling the ailments that S. frutescens is utilise to treat ailments such as urinary tract infections and HIV. Its also utilise as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Its has been shown that S. frutescens has been widely used as a medication by various groups in South Africa particularly the in the Western Cape.ValidityThis article is review of many different articles and most of theinformation is derived from other articles concerningS. frutescens and its properties and uses. reliabilityThis article is from the ledger of Ethnopharmacology, which is published on the journal publishing site elsevier.com. The journal was also reviewed by a board of editors from manyd ifferent countries.Evidence use to support conclusionThe leaves of the Sutherlandia frutescens have antibacterial properties. Recent studies on this plant have mostly focused on the anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, moderating and antibacterial activities. emolumentThe article describes the many uses and properties of S. frutescens such as its antibacterial properties, its anti-inflammatory and its anti-HIV properties. The article also goes over the many uses of S. frutescens ovLimitationsThe article doesnt elaborate on much on the antibacterial activities of S.frutescens The article doesnt show methods of extracting S.frutescens.Author CredentialsB-E. van Wyk is a professor at the Universityof Johannesburg and teaches undergraduate plant taxonomy,postgraduate taxonomy, systematics, chemosystematics of Africanplant families, medical plant chemistry and ethnobotany.Source 2TitleAntibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (F abaceae), A Reputed Anti-HIV/ aid PhytomedicineAuthorsDavid R. Katerere and Jacobus N. Eloff*Year of publication2005SummaryThe article describes the extraction methods that were used to extract S.frutescens The article also describes the how the different extracts where tested on different strains of bacteria. The article is to the highest degree the antibacterial and antioxidant natural process of S.frutescens. The second method of extraction produced a greater yield than the first method of extraction.ValidityThe first extraction method used five grams of a commercially available leaf sample of Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele). The Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele) sample was consecutively extracted three times using different substances, first with Hexane (coded SF-H), then(prenominal) by dichloromethane (DCM) (SF-D), then by acetone (SF-A) and finally by ethylacetate (SF-E). The second method consisted of splitting a leaf sample of a Sutherlandia fru tescens into three portions weighing 5g each. The portions where portions where extracted separately twice with acetone, ethanol and water. Each extract was then dried using a rotary evaporator and weighed. The aqueous extract was then freeze dried.ReliabilityS, frutescens was extracted using two different extraction methods.Evidence use to support conclusionThe total yield of all four solvents in the first method of extraction was 10.5%. In the second extraction method, acetone extracted 5.6%. Ethanol extracted 12.6% while eater extracted 17.2%.UsefulnessIts useful as it gives methods to extract the active divisionfrom the plant.LimitationsThe article doesnt give a testing method that I can easily perform at school.Authors CredentialsDavid R. Katerere specializer Scientist at SA MRC, Visitingscientist at Scynexis, visiting scientist at UNINA, traineePharmacist at Drug Tech Pharmacy, Chief Bioanalyst atPAREXEL, Postdoc at University of PretoriaJacobus N. Eloff* bullion Medal for Science for SocietyAcademy for Science of South Africa (September 2012), Goldmedal of the South African Academy for Science and Art isawarded for scientific and scientific Achievement, Bronzemedal from the International Horticultural Society (December2008) in recognition of the organising the World Conference on Medical and Aromatic Plants.Source 3TitleFive Ochna species have high antibacterial activity and morethan ten antibacterial compoundsAuthorsTshepiso J. Makhafola1Jacobus N. Eloff1Year of publication2011SummaryThe article is roughly the antibacterial activities of five Ochna species. Leaf samples where extracted using different mediums from the leaf. The extracts were tested against various strains of bacteria.ValidityThe dried leaf powder was extracted with 20mL of acetone.The solution was then shaken in 50 mL centrifuge tubes andcentrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 rpm. The extracts weredecanted through into glass vials through filter papers and thesolution was concentrate d to dryness with a stream of cold air.Only clean and dry leaves were selected, the selected leaves had no blemishes or dirt. The leaves were not washed with water as the water would possibly extract many water-soluble compounds, and to limit the posibilty of fungal growth on the leaves due to the moisture left on the surface due to the water. The leaves were dried at room temperature in the calamitous. The leaves were then made into a fine powder, with the particles being less than 1 mm in diameter. The leaves were then stored in sealed glass bottles in the dark to reduce chemical changes in the compounds present in the leaves.ReliabilityThere were no competing interests the article.Evidence use to support conclusionThe percentage yield in acetone between the five species was O. gamostigmata (8%), followed by O. pulchdra, (7.5%), O. serullata (7%) O. pretorienses and O. natalitia ((2.5%)UsefulnessThis article shows different extraction methods and it also givesa suggestion to whi ch extraction method and solvent workedthe beat out to extract the particular compounds. It provides detailedimages, tables and graphs which makes it easier to view the datathat was collected.LimitationsOnly gives information about on genus of plant (Ochna) and there is no information of S. frutescens. Authors CredentialsKobus (Jacobus N) Eloff Gold Medal for Science for Society,Eskom award for capacity development, Gold medal of the SouthAfrican Academy for Science and Art is awarded for Scientificand Technological Achievement, Gold Medal for BotanyTshepiso Makhafola Attended the University of Pretoria from2008-2010. He has skills and expertise in research, molecularbiology and biotechnology.Source 4Title invite of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cellnumbers, sound structure and gene expression in MCF-7cellsAuthorsB.A. Standera, S. Maraisa, T.J. Steynberga, D. Theronb, F.Joubertc, C. Albrechtdand A.M. JoubertaYear of publication2007SummaryThe article is about the influence of S.frutescens on cell numbers, morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. An extraction was made our of small twogs and leaves, the solution was then filtered. It was demonstrated that ethanolic extracts of S. frutescens stamp down multiplying of MCF-7 mammary adenocarcinoma cells.ValidityDulbeccos minimum intrinsic medium eagle (DMEM)with Glutamax (Gibco BRL, USA) TrypsinEDTA Crystal violet DNA stain was used to determine thenumber of cells. (Spectrophotometrically) Heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) was used to polish the MCF 7 human boob cell line. Penicillin was used to culture the MCF 7 humanbreast cell line. Streptomycin was used to culture MCF 7 humanbreast cell line. Sterile cell culture flasks 96-well plates where used to house the culturing cells. MCF-7 human breast a denoma carcinoma cell linewere cultured in DMEM Cell sound structure Two hundred and fifty thousandMCF-7 cells were put onto heat-sterilized coverslipsin well plates and they were exposed to 1 .5 mg/ml ofSutherlandia Frutescence extract for periods of 24, 36,48, and 72 hours at 37C cells where counted using amicrosceope.ReliabilitySterile culture flasks and well plates where used, the cultureswhere kept at a constant temperature of 37C and in ahumidified melody with 5% CO2, the specimens ofSutherlandia frutescens were air dried in the shade in thearea of Murraysburg in the Karoo, to reduce the chancedegradation of the specimens. The specimens where identifiedas Sutherlandia frutescens by the botany and biotechnologydepartment at the university of Johannesburg.1 gram of Sutherlandia frutescens was mixed with 10ml of 70%ethanol to produce a stock solution. After the extraction of theSutherlandia frutescens it was centrifuged to remove any debrisand then it was filtered twice to obtain a purified 100mg/mlstock solution.The cells where cultured for 24 hours. Vehicle controles whereused prove the effectiveness of the Sutherladnia frutescens.The results that were obtained were statistically analysed for signification using analysis of variance factor model. This wasthen proceeded by a two-tailed Students t-test.Evidence use to support conclusionThe ethanol extracts of the Sutherlandia frutescens inhibitedthe growth of the MCF-7 mammary adencarcenoma cells of theperiod of 72 hours. 1.5 mg/ml of the Sutherlandia frutescensethanol extract was statistically found to reduce 50% of thegrowth of MCF-7 cell over 24 hours when compared to thevehicle-treated control.UsefulnessIt shows different methods of extracting the Sutherlandiafrutescens and different substances used to extract the plant. Italso gives results that have been statistically proven.LimitationsThere arent any tests to prove its antibacterial effectiveness.The article doesnt mention the chemical compounds present inthe plant that prove its effectiveness.Authors CredentialsB.A. Stander Department of Physiology, University ofPretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfricaS. Marais Department of P hysiology, University of Pretoria,P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfricaT.J. Steynberg Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaD. Theron ACGT Microarray Facility, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South AfricaF. Joubert Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South AfricaC. Albrecht Cancer Association of South Africa, P.O. Box 2121, Bedfordview 2008, South AfricaA.M. Joubert Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaSource 5TitleAntibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae)AuthorsStefano Banfi, Enrico Caruso, Viviana Orlandi, Paola Barbieri,Serena Cavallari, Paolo Vigan, Pierangelo Clerici and LucaChiodaroliYear of publication2014SummaryGuiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum lwaves wereused and tested on for the presence of antibacterial compounds.Five solvents were used to extract the plant material the solventswere used in increasing polarity. Escherichia coli C1a andStaphylococcus aureus MSSA were used to test the antibacterialeffectiveness of the plants. A bioautographic method was used tomonitor the antibacterial activity of the plants extracts throughoutthe purification steps. The borderline Inhibitory Concentrationand Minimum Bacterial Concentration of the most purified andactive plant extracts were evaluated at the end of the procedure.ValidityDry leaves extraction procedure Whole leaves of C.micranthum and G. senegalensis, were dried immediately afterobtaining them from the plant in a local drying room at 40C.The dried leaves were then sent to Varses. Dried whole leavesweighing 100g were poured in a 2.5 L bottle and treated with600ml of cyclohexane (least polar solvent). After a periodof 24 hours the leaves were separated from the solvent by pith of a Buckner funnel. This procedure was recurrent usingprogressively more polar solvent s toluene, acetone, EtOH andwater respectively.Agar diffusion assay Between 4-5 isolated colonies of eachstrain were collected and resuspended in 5ml of PB. It was thenput onto its respective solid growth medium by means of a sterilecotton swab. The plates were incubated at 37C for a desexualize amountof time required for each microorganism. The antibacterial effectof the extract was measured by measuring the growth inhibitionhalo. Pictures if the inhibition halos were taken using a camera todocument the findings.ReliabilityIncubation temperature was kept constant at 37C. Evidenceof the inhibition rings were taken by means of a photo cameraand those images were later analysed. A fair test was performedas four different methods of extraction where used, each withincreasing polarity.Evidence use to support conclusionCm4-P showed good activity against S. aureus and S. xylosus.Cm4-P showed some activity against Gram negative strains. Gs2-Paq was found to be more active against the Gram positive strianscompared to Cm4-P.UsefulnessGives an example of how an extraction could be done by orderingthe solvents according to polarity. It shows how the inhibitionrings can be measured and analysed i.e. By means of pickingsphotographs.LimitationsThe article doesnt show extraction methods and testing methods for S. frutescensAuthors CredentialsStefano Banfi phase in organic chemistry in February1980 at the University of Milan, coadjutor Professor in Organic Chemistry.Enrico Caruso Graduated with a degree in organic chemistry in October 1998 from the University of Milan, Assistant Professor in Organic Chemistry,Viviana Orlandi 1995 Degree in Biological Sciences, University of Milan discussing a thesis on Expression of oppioid receptor in primary coltures of murine cortex neurons trasduction signal pathway and interaction with glutamate receptors. phallus of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM).Paola Barbieri 1980 Degree in Biolog ical Science at the University of Milan, Institute of Genetics. Member of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)Member of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM).Serena CavallariPaolo Vigan Degree in Biological Sciences Postgraduate Diploma in Microbiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences Specialist in MicrobiologyLuca Chiodaroli final stageSource 1 deals with the general usage of S.frutescens as a medicinal plant in South Africa. Source 2 deals with the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of S. frutescens. It also shows extraction methods and bacterial testing methods. Source 3 shows the antibacterial activities of the Ochna species of plants. This source gives an indication of what types of bacteria that need to be used for testing the antibacterial activities of the S. frutescens. Source 4 is about the influence of S. frutescens extract on MCF-7 cells. It has a good indication of an extraction method that can be used. Source 5 is about the antibacterial activity of leaf exracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis. It gives an example of an extraction method that can be used for S. frutescens. All the sources deal with extraction method that can be used for certain plants. Not all the articles deal with the extraction methods and testing of S. frutescens.ReferencesB-E. van Wyk and C. Albrecht, 2008. A review of the taxonomy,ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandiafrutescens (Fabaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Online.119, 621-629. Available at http//def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/A-review-of-the-taxonomy-ethnobotany-chemistry-and-pharmacology.pdf Accessed 20 April 2014.David R. Katerere and Jacobus N. Eloff . 2005. Antibacterialand Antioxidant Activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), AReputed Anti-HIV/AIDS Phytomedicine. ONLINE Available athttp//def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Antibacterial-and-Antioxidant-Activity-of1.pdf. Accessed 06 April 14.Tsh episo J. Makhafola and Jacobus N. Eloff. (2011). FiveOchna species have high antibacterial activity and more thanten antibacterial compounds. South African Journal of Scienceonline. 108, 689.Available Fromhttp//www.sajs.co.za/five-ochna-species-have-high-antibacterial-activity-and-more-ten-antibacterial-compounds/makhafola-tshepiso-eloff-jacobus.St, er, B., Marais, S., Steynberg, T., Theron,D., Joubert, F., Albrecht, C. and Joubert, A. (2007). Influenceof Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cell numbers,morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. Journal ofethnopharmacology, 112(2), pp.312318.Banfi, S., Caruso, E., Orlandi, V., Barbieri, P., Cavallari,S., Vigano, P., Clerici, P. and Chiodaroli, L. (2014). Antibacterial Activityof Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis(Combretaceae). Research Journal of Microbiology, online 9(2), pp.66-81.Salim S. Abdool Karim, S. (2009). HIV infection and tuberculosis in South Africa an urgent need to escalate the public health response. Lancet, online 374(9693), p.921. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803032/ Accessed 14 May. 2014.Fritz Lherisson, F. (2014). South Africa. online Unaids.org. Available at http//www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica/ Accessed 16 May. 2014.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Lpg Engineering Essay

Liquefied Petroleum louse up Lpg Engineering EssayLiquefied Petroleum accelerator pedal is an important source of energy for millions of people around the world. LPG consists mainly of gases at atmospheric temperature and pressure (propane and butane), which when subjected to modest pressure or refrigeration can liquefy. This makes it mulish to transport and store as crystalline in pressurized cylinders and containers, which must be safely and c atomic number 18fully handled.DefinitionLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) can be simply described as hydrocarbons that exist as vapours under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure, but can be liquefied by the application of middle of the roader pressure.When gas is liquefied, the volume occupied by the vapour good decreases, thus the liquid formed requires less storage space. The material is therefore stored and distributed in the liquid phase in pressurized containers and bodys and is finally al dispiriteded to return to the vap our phase at the headway of nonethelesstual utilization.Sources of LPGLPG as the name suggests, consists mainly of a mixture of hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) with a little proportion of unsaturates (Propylene and Butylene). These hydrocarbons and unsaturates (LPG) can be produced through two main sources which areWet Natural Gas, which consists entirely of saturated hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) and can be rear in oil or gas fields, being removed as condensable products from natural gas and also extracts from cutting oil during the stabilization litigate employ in order to reduce the vapour pressure prior to shipmentRefining process to remove impurities like moisture and sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans), which may lead to clogging of valves and corrosion. However, due to the odourless nature of LPG, ethyl mercaptan which has a unique odour, is added to alert the user of LPG incase a leak takes place.The product of crude oil refining fall into three main categoriesThe permanent gases, Methane and Ethane which remain gaseous regardless of pressure, unless refrigerated.Hydrocarbons having five or more carbon atoms per molecule. They are liquid or solid at atmospheric temperature and pressure and account for most of the crude oil refined.Propane, Butane and Isobutane, together with Propylene, Butylene and Isobutylene have three or four carbon atoms per molecule. All have the special property of becoming liquid at atmospheric temperature if moderately compressed and reverting to gases when the pressure is sufficiently reduced.CUsersMr TDesktopIMAG0168.jpgProperties of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)Vapour PressureVapour pressure is a measure of the volatility of the gas and where vapour exists in mating with the liquid phase is referred to as the saturation vapour pressure. At the boiling point it is equal to atmospheric pressure and increases as the temperature rises to the critical. Propane with its economic crisiser boiling poi nt thus exerts a greater vapour pressure under identical conditions than butane.Knowledge of the vapour pressure of a gas is thus essential in order to be able to specify the design conditions for the pressurized system. It is also required to enable the gas offtake rates by natural vapourization to be calculated.In practical terms, systems are often specifically designed to be suitable for either butane or propane which thus precludes a butane system from being used for propane, but enables the propane system to be classed as dual purpose.GDCIM100MEDIAIMAG0198.jpgBoiling Points of LPGThe constituent gases found in a commercial LPG mixture all have very low boiling points and will thus normally exist in the vapour phase, under atmospheric conditions, unless they have been liquefied or refrigerated.Where the gases are held at a temperature at or below their boiling point, the vapour pressure will be equal to or less than atmospheric. This property has led to the development of overl arge scale storage at marine terminals where the product is held in refrigerated form in what is essentially a non-pressurized system.Above ambient temperature, the gases exert an change magnitude vapour pressure, thus increasing the pressure required for liquefaction. This pressure continues to increase until the critical temperature is reached, (96.67oC for propane 152.03oC for n-butane), above which temperature of the gases cease to exist in the liquid phase even if further pressure is applied.Latent Heat of LPGThe latent heat of a liquid product is the quantity of heat absorbed to enable vapourization to occur.In the caseful of liquid LPG being allowed to vapourize naturally, the latent heat required is taken from itself and its immediate surroundings at the same time, causing a drop in temperature. The process is known as auto-refrigeration.Very low temperatures can be achieved with propane under such conditions therefore in order to avoid operators receiving severe cold burn s, overprotective clothing is required.Specific Volume, Relative DensityLPGs exist as heavy gases approximately 1.5 2.0 times the density of post in vapour phase. They reduce in volume considerably on liquefaction (ratio of gas volume to liquid volume at 15.6oC/1016mbar is 233 for butane and 274 for propane) to exist as a clear liquid which is approximately half the weight of irrigate (Propane 0.50 0.51, Butane 0.57 0.58).It can thus be seen that LPG vapours heavier than stress will tend to cling to the ground seeking to enter trenches, drains and other low areas, which could make it take considerably longer time to disperse.Leaking liquid phase LPG will rapidly expand to around 250 times its own volume, therefore creating a greater risk than would occur with a similar sized vapour leakage.Where temperature conditions permit the existence of free liquid from a leakage, the product will roll on any water present. This normally occurs with butane in freezing conditions and a typical scenario would occur during firefighting operations.Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of LiquidLiquid phase LPG expands considerably when its temperature increases. The coefficients of cubical expansion at 15oC are approximately 0.0016 per oC for propane and 0.0011 per oC for butane. These values are around 4 times the equivalent for fuel oil, 10 times that for water and 100 times that for steel.This high rate of expansion has to be taken into consideration when specifying the maximum quantity of LPG permitted to be filled into any pressure vessel, ie the filling ratio defined by codes of practice for different specification of LPGs under different ambient conditions.Be apparent movement the filling ratio precautions taken to prevent the hydraulic filling of storage systems cannot be extended to the connecting liquid phase pipework, these parts of the system are protected by the provision of small hydrostatic fireman valves situated in all areas where the liquid LPG can be t rapped between closed valves.Limits of FlammabilityGaseous fuels will only burn when mixed with air in proportions which lie between two well defined furbish ups, known as the lower and upper limits of flammability. The lower limit being the smallest quantity of burnable gas which, when mixed with a given quantity of air (or O2) will support self-propagating flame.A leak of 1m3 of liquefied propane will produce 274m3 of propane vapour, which will cause immediate entrainment of air and progressive dilution of the concentration.When the upper limit of 10% is reached, the propane/air mixture becomes flammable (ie when the propane entrains, 274 10 = 2740m3 of air). The mixture only becomes flammable when the lower limit of 2% is reached (ie when the propane entrains 274 50 = 13,700m3) of air.Therefore, should a leak of propane occur, the propane/air mixture will be flammable and hence extremely dangerous until it has been diluted with more than 13,700m3 air per m3 of propane leakage .The following are the limits of flammability of LPG and some other fuelsGasLower LimitUpper LimitCommercial Propane2.010.0Commercial Butane1.89.0Natural Gas5.015.0Coal Gas5.040.0CUsersMr TDesktopIMAG0189.jpg

The Lost Eden Essay -- Literary Analysis

The Lost nirvanaThe story of Martin heaven is a bad but interesting one, written by twat capital of the United Kingdom, an author from early 20th Century California. Martins life is difficult, as he decides to defy indian lodge and join the upper class, ultimately alienating his own class while realizing the superficiality of the upper class. Through this journey, Martin embodies and evolves through three main(prenominal) personas, mind sets, or personalities. In the beginning, Martins feeling of social inadequacy developed(Sinclair 145), as he is a man seeking approval of society, onerous to become a successful writer and win the love of an upper class woman, Ruth Morse. Then he turns into a man bent against society, or perhaps however in great disproval, for his futile efforts to become a writer are thwarted and laughed at by everyone, from the editors of the magazines to his beloved Ruth and her family. in one case Martin does become noteworthy and rich, his success snowb alls, he is lionized by society (Labor 118), but Martin wishes he had never opened the books (Lundquist 149). Through all of these struggles, Martin truly embodies none new(prenominal) than the author, Jack London, as the entire novel is something of an autobiography. London is confronting himself in Martin (Bader 150), although it is very true that Martin Eden is a novel rather than straight autobiography, measuredly introspective (Lundquist 150).Martin Eden is jump a man who wishes to assimilate with high society, the upper class, as he believes that the upper class possesses an infinite amount of spectator and knowledge. Martins first true glimpses of the upper class come when he is invited to the Morse home, after saving Arthur Morse from a gang of waterfront thugs (Labor 117). This is ironic because M... ...n. 1909. modern York, NY Penguin Books, 1984. Print.Lundquist, James. Jack London Adventures, Ideas, and Fiction. New York, New York The Ungar Publishing Company, 1987 . Print.Magill, Frank N. Jack London. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Vol. 4. Englewood Cliffs capital of Oregon Press, Inc., 1983. 1691-1699. Print.- - -. Jack London. Critical Survey of neat Fiction. Vol. 5. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Salem Press, 1981. 1809-1813. Print.New American Bible. New York Catholic Book Publishing, Co., 1991. Print.OConner, Richard. Jack London A Biography. N.p. Little, Brown, and Company, 1964. Print.Sinclair, Andrew. Jack A Biography of Jack London. New York, NY harper and Row, Publishers, 1977. Print.Verde, Tom. London, Jack. Twentieth-Century Writers 19001950, American Profiles. New York Facts on File, Inc., 1993. American History Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. The Lost Eden Essay -- Literary AnalysisThe Lost EdenThe story of Martin Eden is a dark but interesting one, written by Jack London, an author from early 20th Century California. Martins life is difficult, as he decides to defy society and join the upper class, ultimately alienating his own class while realizing the superficiality of the upper class. Through this journey, Martin embodies and evolves through three main personas, mind sets, or personalities. In the beginning, Martins feeling of social inadequacy developed(Sinclair 145), as he is a man seeking approval of society, trying to become a successful writer and win the love of an upper class woman, Ruth Morse. Then he turns into a man bent against society, or perhaps merely in great disproval, for his futile efforts to become a writer are thwarted and laughed at by everyone, from the editors of the magazines to his beloved Ruth and her family. Once Martin does become famous and rich, his success snowballs, he is lionized by society (Labor 118), but Martin wishes he had never opened the books (Lundquist 149). Through all of these struggles, Martin truly embodies none other than the author, Jack London, as the entire novel is something of an autobiography. London is confronting himself in Martin (Bader 150), although it is very true that Martin Eden is a novel rather than straight autobiography, deliberately introspective (Lundquist 150).Martin Eden is first a man who wishes to assimilate with high society, the upper class, as he believes that the upper class possesses an infinite amount of beauty and knowledge. Martins first true glimpses of the upper class come when he is invited to the Morse home, after saving Arthur Morse from a gang of waterfront thugs (Labor 117). This is ironic because M... ...n. 1909. New York, NY Penguin Books, 1984. Print.Lundquist, James. Jack London Adventures, Ideas, and Fiction. New York, New York The Ungar Publishing Company, 1987. Print.Magill, Frank N. Jack London. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Vol. 4. Englewood Cliffs Salem Press, Inc., 1983. 1691-1699. Print.- - -. Jack London. Critical Survey of Short Fiction. Vol. 5. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Salem Press, 1981. 1809-1813. Print.New American Bible. New York Catholic Book Publishing, Co., 1991. Print.O Conner, Richard. Jack London A Biography. N.p. Little, Brown, and Company, 1964. Print.Sinclair, Andrew. Jack A Biography of Jack London. New York, NY Harper and Row, Publishers, 1977. Print.Verde, Tom. London, Jack. Twentieth-Century Writers 19001950, American Profiles. New York Facts on File, Inc., 1993. American History Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2011.

Dreaming with Lolita Essay -- Essays Papers

Dreaming with Lolita What existence are you living in? Over the past hundreds of days psychologists choose been studying the functions of the hu universe mind. It is a task that seems to stretch erupt as information and new methods arrive. What makes us dream or imagine things? The fact that we have dreams and ambitions in life strives us to believe by means of imagining and woolgather that we will eventually get a break in life. Lolita, by Vladimir Nabokov, is a falsehood that characterizes these types of situations. It implies similarity in plot and theme between Lolita and certain(p) fairy tales. Furthermore, Nabokov implies the folk characterization in Lolita to show the paradoxical relationship of art and pragmatism thus showing how real life people outlive out the lives of fictional fairy tales. It is excessively unequivocal that because of the folkloristic material portrayed in Lolita, it is seen that man lives between two worlds, the imagined one and the true one. The image of Lolita had much(prenominal) effect on society in the way that pre pubescent children wanted to be give care her, they wanted to be as pretty as her and last those nerve centre shaped sunglasses like her thus living in a world of imagine. Even todays society still has, more then ever that Lolita syndrome thus causing a lot of pre pubescent kids to live in a fantasy world instead of the real one. Nabokov shows all throughout the sassy the strong parallel between real life characters and folk characters. The four main characters in the novel all play an have their own folkloristic roles in the novel. For example, Charlotte Haze, which is Lolitas mother, is portrayed in the novel as the, jealous mother who is so frequently the baddie in folk tales such as Cinderella and Snow dust coat (Jones 69). All through out... ...gative things can occur. For example, you can tarnish a kids self esteem (Marks 71). The Lolita syndrome also deals with the fact that any new or ma terial veracious that comes out on the market the Lolita syndrome will change everything it touches into a new and infinitely conciliatory form (Marks 71). This transcends anything because people want to be like Loita. If she wears heart shaped sunglasses then so do pre pubescent and adolescent kids who fantasize cosmos her and the only way their fantasy can become remotely a reality is by buying these items.Man lives in two different worlds. It is evident that through Lolita it is shown how real life characters can live out the lives of folk characters. Are we living in a fantasized world then? The truth of the military issue is that we live in an imperfect world. We need to get that through our heads. What world do you live in? Dreaming with Lolita Essay -- Essays PapersDreaming with Lolita What world are you living in? Over the past hundreds of years psychologists have been studying the functions of the human mind. It is a task that seems to prolong as informa tion and new methods arrive. What makes us dream or imagine things? The fact that we have dreams and ambitions in life strives us to believe through imagining and dreaming that we will eventually get a break in life. Lolita, by Vladimir Nabokov, is a novel that characterizes these types of situations. It implies similarity in plot and theme between Lolita and certain fairy tales. Furthermore, Nabokov implies the folk characterization in Lolita to show the paradoxical relationship of art and reality thus showing how real life people live out the lives of fictional fairy tales. It is also evident that because of the folkloristic material portrayed in Lolita, it is seen that man lives between two worlds, the imagined one and the true one. The image of Lolita had such effect on society in the way that pre pubescent children wanted to be like her, they wanted to be as pretty as her and wear those heart shaped sunglasses like her thus living in a world of fantasy. Even todays society stil l has, more then ever that Lolita syndrome thus causing a lot of pre pubescent kids to live in a fantasy world instead of the real one. Nabokov shows all throughout the novel the strong parallel between real life characters and folk characters. The four main characters in the novel all play an have their own folkloristic roles in the novel. For example, Charlotte Haze, which is Lolitas mother, is portrayed in the novel as the, jealous mother who is so frequently the villain in folk tales such as Cinderella and Snow White (Jones 69). All through out... ...gative things can occur. For example, you can tarnish a kids self esteem (Marks 71). The Lolita syndrome also deals with the fact that any new or material good that comes out on the market the Lolita syndrome will change everything it touches into a new and infinitely flexible form (Marks 71). This transcends anything because people want to be like Loita. If she wears heart shaped sunglasses then so do pre pubescent and adolescent kids who fantasize being her and the only way their fantasy can become remotely a reality is by buying these items.Man lives in two different worlds. It is evident that through Lolita it is shown how real life characters can live out the lives of folk characters. Are we living in a fantasized world then? The truth of the matter is that we live in an imperfect world. We need to get that through our heads. What world do you live in?